Based on the morphological appearances and descriptions in literature,a simple and convenient method for identifying the sex of diamondback moth(DBM),Plutella xylostella(Linnaeus),was developed.The results showed that the sex of the first-and second-instar larvae was not easily distinguishable by naked eyes or optical microscopic observation.However,the male third-and fourth-instar larva showed a lighter colored fifth abdominal segment than that on the female counterparts.On the male pupae,a lump on each side of a short,longitudinal slip was visible near the gonopore on the 9^th abdominal segment.The female pupae had a long,longitudinal slip between the genital pore on the 8^th abdominal segment and the oviporus on the 9^th segment.The adult males had characteristic brown wings with a wavy edge on the posterior margin and a yorked abdominal end.The female adults,on the other hand,were lighter in color and bigger on body size than the males,and had their abdominal ends appeared round in shape.

This paper reviews the serine proteases’ structures,functions,protein engineering,expression system,and applications.Serine protease is a group of proteolytic enzymes that are important for its potential applications.All serine proteases have serine,histidine and aspartic acid in their active domain,and same catalytic mechanism.The members in the serine protease super family serve a wide range of physiological functions,especially in the pathogenesis of many diseases and intracellular signal transduction.Any minute alternations in their structures can result in significant functional changes.

This paper introduced a method that based on the reaction of primary amino groups with o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) for determining the hydrolytic degree of cottonseed protein.Neutral protease was used to hydrolyze cottonseed protein and the degree of hydrolysis (DH) was compared with three assay methods, i.e.o-phthaldialdehyde method, formaldehyde titration method and ninhydrin colorimetric method.Comparing with formaldehyde titration and ninhydrin colorimetric methods, results showed that OPA method performed more accurate and faster in analyzing, easier to handle, repeatable in results and friendly for environment.It is recommended that OPA method is an appropriate method for evaluating in hydrolytic degree of cottonseed protein.

The physiological changes such as the active oxygen metabolism, photosynthesis, respiration and nitrogen metabolism of chilling stress plants and the methods of chilling resistance were introduced, some problems need to be further investigated in the area of plant chilling-resistance were put forward.

This article reviews the current progress on pesticide sample preparation and instrumental detection technologies in China and abroad.Methodologies discussed include ASE,SFE,SPE,SPME,MSPDE,MAE,ME,GPC,chromatographic,spectrometry and its associated techniques,capillary electrophoresis and biosensors.The developmental trends in the analytical field of study and applications are also presented.

With the availability of polyphasic taxonomical method,functions of chemical and molecular taxonomy have become increasingly important in the taxonomy of Bacillu s genus.This article summarizes the applications and effect of various Bacillus classification methodologies in the field.

The gene coding for green fluorescent protein(GFP) was successfully transferred to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum strain,FOV-135,by using the protoplast-mediated genetic transformation system.The transformants were stable after five successive subcultures.Four to six stable transformants could be obtained from one microgram of plasmid DNA.The PCR amplification confirmed that the gfp gene had been transformed to FOV-135.

Fatty acid is an important biomarker.Its application in biology research has become increasingly popular.The method of FAME fingerprint analysis is based on fatty acid’s utilization as a biomarker.This paper describes the FAME fingerprint analysis and its applications for microbial studies,including identification of unknown microbes and assessment of microbial diversity.

The major internal and external achievements of research and application using biological and chemical agents to induce systemic resistance of plant were summarized The action character of different agents were summed up The significance in practical application of different agents were discussed The viewpoint of the works and directions of partial research and application in the area were explained, while looking ahead the prospects for the research and application.

This paper reviews the research on the citrus disease,huanglongbing(HLB),in China since 1978.It covers the disease geographical distribution and damages,host plant,studies on the pathogen,diagnosis and detection,transmission and epidemic,as well as control of HLB.

This review was focused on the virulent and avirulent genes and the regulation of Ralstonia solanacearum pathogenicity. Ralstonia solanacearum had been described as a species-complex bacterium, therefore, many technology were applied to identify this bacterium. Meanwhile, the identification of R. solanacearum became more and more quick, convenient and sensitive. The genome of R.solanacearum strain had a size of 5.8 Mb with a high (G+C) content and a coding potential for approximately 5 120 proteins. It was organized in two replicons, a 3.7 Mb chromosome and a 2.1 Mb megaplasmid. The products of type III hrp section system, extrapolysaccharide, cell wall degrading enzymes such as pectinolytic and cellalolytic enzymes constituted were the major factors for the pathogenicity. All of these were mainly related to the hrp gene cluster, avr gene and virulence genes. The Type III secretion system (T3SS) and Type II secretion system (T2SS) that directly translocated effector proteins into the host cells were essential for the development of disease. Moreover, T2SS functionally interacts with T3SS. The virulence and pathogenicity genes of R. solanacearum were controlled by an elaborate sensory network. The system used PhcA concentration as a core to regulate the expression of pathogenic factors, and thus the growth status of bacteria.

Soil organic carbon is an important component of the global carbon cycle,and it has direct effects on the global carbon balance.Orchard is an important part of the land use pattern, the area of which accounted for 1.15% of the total land area in China.The research on soil organic carbon sequestration in orchards is an important scientific basis to accurately evaluate carbon sequestration potential of terrestrial ecosystems.This paper reviews the research results on the soil labile and stabile organic carbon, with the focus on the dynamics of their fractions in separation, content and allocation proportion under different land use type.Effects of climatic factors, soil texture, fertilizer, farming, surface cover and human trampling on soil organic carbon pool are analyzed, respectively.Finally, this summary highlights existing problems of soil organic carbon stock on orchard ecosystem and suggests future directions for progress together with some future topics for research.

Rice pollen development consists of microsporogenesis and male gametogenesis.Within rice anthers,microspore mother cells start on meiosis and then produce microspores,further the microspores develop into mature pollen grains.In the present study,some pollen development related genes have been found,including development of microspore mother cells,anther,pollen mother cell meiosis and male gametogenesis.This article summarizes the research advances on rice genes related to pollen development and their molecular mechanisms.

The paper expounds source,category and harm of environmental pollution,and puts forward countermeasures to protect human health.The main function of greenplants in controlling air pollutants was analyzed.The paper also shows some air-cleaning plants for purifying and monitoring air pollution.

The high resistant starch rice, Gongmi 3, a typical Japonica rice, Nipponbare, and Indica rice 9311 were selected to study the cooking and pH effect on their starches. The results showed that the resistant starch content decreased in the order of no cooking>cooking and overnight-holding>cooking. A significant difference existed between no cooking and the other two. The pH effect on the resistant starch content was pH 5.2 > pH 6.0 > pH 6.9. A significant difference was shown between pH 5.2 and the others, but no difference was found between pH 6.0 and pH 6.9. Among the three rice varieties, the resistant starch content decreased in the order of Gongmi 3>9311>Nipponbare. When the pH of the starch hydrolysis buffer was 6.0, cooking seemed to induce the minimal change in the resistant starch content of the rice. The results were also reproducible with minor differences between the replicates.

In recent years,the biological characteristics,kinetic factors and community ecology of endophytes have become the popular topics for bio-research. With the extension of the field of study and development of new methodologies,endophytic research has reached the areas of biological prevention and medical applications. This article describes the discovery and definition of endophytes,and discusses the future development and existing problems of endophytic research from the viewpoints of biodiversity,dynamics,research methodology,as well as the agricultural and medical applications.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) FJ-11A strain was isolated from piglets suffering from a severe diarrhea in a pig farm of Fujian Province using Vero cell.The PEDV ORF3 gene was obtained using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method according to the sequence download from the GenBank.The results showed that the ORF3 gene of the FJ-11A strain was 675 bp, encoding an open reading frame (ORF) with 224 amino acids.Compared with the ORF3 gene published previously in GenBank by DNAstar software, the ORF3 sequence of FJ-11A strain had the highest nucleotide homology at 99.3% with CPF1074 and PFF513, isolating in South Korea, and also had 97.8% homology with vaccine strain CV777. Based on genetic evolutionary, the PEDV strains which isolated in China were in the same phylogenetic relationship, whereas the candidate vaccine strains (attenuated DR13 and CV777) were in the other phylogenic lineage.

The present status at home and aboard in Truffles research was discussed,such as its kinds,distribution, ecological characterics, physiological traits and artificial cultivation etc And some questions in its application and investigation in the future was put forward.

The saccharification of cassava starch was studied by using dextrose equivalent as index. The effect of single factor was analyzed in the best efficiency of saccharification. Results showed that the proper value of the factor were for temperature 60 to 65℃, reaction time 105 to 115 min, enzyme level 1.5 to 2.5 mL, pH 3.5 to 4.5 and rotation rate in 180 rpm, respectively. However, the optimum parameters for saccharification were determined by orthogonal experiments as pH at 4.0, with enzyme of 2 mL·L^-1 and in which treated for 105 min at 65℃. Saccharification efficiency (DE) could reach to 105%.

This article briefly introduces the progress in using methanobacteria for anaerobic digestion studies.It also analyzes the relationship between the research development in anaerobic digestion and the metabolic mechanism and the physiological and biochemical characteristics of methanobacteria.

Pleurotus eryngii is a precious mushroom with tenderized stem and flavourous taste. However, there had been no report on its study and culture in. China. The morphological characteristics of Pleurotus eryngii and the effects of environmental factors such as temperature, humidity,pH,light and air on the mycelial growth and the fruiting of Pleurotus eryngii were studied in the paper. The results indicated that temperature was a key factor to influence the yield stability of Pleurotus eryngii when the mushroom was cultured in the natural conditions of. China; the optimum temperature for the development of the mushroom was 10～18℃, when the temperature was below 10℃ or higher than 18℃, the mushroom yield would be significantly affected.

This paper reviews the effects of N,P,K and micronutrients on peanut's physiological characteristics,yield and quality.It also disscusses the relationship between biotechnology and fertilization,as well as current issues and directions for future studies in the areas of fertilizing technique,fertilizers,breeding and cropping systems.In the area of fertilizing,scientific applications should be emphysized for future studies.New and existing fertilizers applied should be scrutinized with careful evaluation.In the breeding of peanuts,diversification of selection and search for new varieties should be focussed.On the development of cropping systems,the environmental and ecological conditions and requirements of a specific locality should be considered with high priority.

Based on the excellent property in safety, nontoxicity and physicochemical unique, gellan gum has been widely used in industrial production with strong potential in market competition.This paper gives a review about the structure、physical and chemical characteristics, biosynthesis pathway of the gellan gum, its fermentation and application in food industry.In addition, a brief introduction in regarding to the development of gellan gum industry in china was also mentioned.

A pair of primers based on NS5 gene sequences of different strains of genus Flavivirus was designed for amplification of 470 bp fragments.No positive target fragment was available from H9 subtype influenza virus,Muscovy duck reovirus,duck plague,duck hepatitis virus(DHV-Ⅰ) or duck-origin avian paramyxovirus typeⅠ.The detection limit reached 20 pg under the optimized conditions.The results showed that the RT-PCR was sensitive,specific and applicable for rapid laboratory diagnosis and epidemiologic surveillance.

Proteins encoded by MADS-box play an important role in regulating flower development.Since the monocot rice and the eudicot Arabidopsis are distantly related plant species,to compare the floral organ identity factors and their functions between the two species would help further understand the flower development of rice.

It's important to study the mechanisms of the rice floral development,because the rice floral organs provides the basis of the rice grain formation.We found a rice floral organ mutant from tissue culture mutation generations,called function of reproductive organ(fro1(t)).The floret shape of fro1(t) mutant is similar to that of tiny green capsicum with a couple of distorted lemma and palea,but the spekelets cannot bloom even though after heading;the glumes almost degenerated and lodicules are homeotically transformed into leaf-like organ;stamen had a distorted and enlarged filament,and the anter also showed a distorted surface yet without any pollen;the number of stamen is 2-6,and noticely some of that are homeotically transformed into pistil-like organ with stigmas-like structure on the top;the ovary showed a nomal development,but most of styles cause a fusion with 3-4 stigmas.By SEM we found that the gene regulates the determination of the floral meristem and specification of floral organ identity.We carried out fine mapping of the gene responsible for the mutated trait.The result showed that the mutated trait was located on the long arm of rice chromosome 8 between the marker InDel0802 and RM23432,with genetic distance of 0.58 cM and 1.3 cM respectively.All the above suggests that the FRO1(t) gene may be a novel gene which regulates all whorls of floral organs in rice.Study of FRO1(t) will support a key evidence to uncover the molecular mechanisms of the rice floral development.

The application time,stage,insecticide and method are important factors in chemical control of Phyllotreta striolata(F).The lab and field toxicity tests showed that 48% EC of chlorpyrifos,40% EC of phoxim,80% EC of dichlorvos,20% EC of carbosulfan,24% SP of methomyl or 18% SL of bisultap could effectively control the pest in 48 hours.

Electroantennogram (EAG) technique is an electrophysiological method which directly to detect insect responses to chemical signal, and has been widely used in the antenna responses of Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, etc to semichemicals. This article described briefly the theory, basic structure and development of EAG, experimental attentions and limitations of the EAG technique, all of which aiming to provide a clear thinking for studying electrophysiological behavior and to make some help for solving the problems.

1059 serum samples from 40 swine farms of vaccination with PRRSV vaccine and 683 serum samples from 24 swine farms of non-vaccination with PRRSV vaccine were collected to determine antibody level of PRRSV with IDEXX PRRSV antibody ELISA Kit.Positive rate,coefficient variation(CV)and Sample/Positive(S/P)were analyzed.The result showed that in vaccinated pig farms,883 of 1059 serum samples were positive of PRRSV antibody,average positive rate and CV were 83.4% and 67.1,respectively;S/P of 44 serum samples was higher than 2.5,accounting for 4.2%.In non-vaccinated pig farms,290 of 683 serum samples were positive of antibody of PRRSV,average positive rate and CV were 42.5% and 87.4,respectively;S/P of 74 serum samples was higher than 2.5,accounting for 10.1%.The results indicated that non-vaccinated pig farms have been infected by PRRSV.Average positive rate of PRRSV antibody is higher in vaccinated pig farms than in non-vaccinated pig farms.Simultaneously,CV and S/P in vaccinated pig farms decreased obviously compared to non-vaccinated pig farms.It is concluded that vaccination with PRRSV vaccine is one of better ways to control PRRS.

Taxology,safety and new applications of monascus pigment are discussed.Recent reports on the culture media and conditions for the monascus submerged cultivation are reviewed.Advances in the studies of the primary and secondary metabolites from the fermentation are also presented.

Isolated pools were used to study the dynamic changes of nutrients and biological activity in soil.The results showed that(1) long-term cropping could result in soil nutrient imbalance,reduced urease,phosphatase and sucrase activities,lowered microbial biomass nitrogen,lessened number of bacteria and fungi,and increased microbial biomass carbon;and(2) deep plowing could promote nitrogen transformation,relieve acidification,and increase organic matters in the soil,conducive to tobacco growth.Furthermore,deep plowing could significantly increase soil phosphatase and sucrase activities.It had little effect on hydrogen peroxidase activity,and a negative effect on urease.Deep plowing could increase quantity of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in soil,which could promote the soil nutrient transformation and enzyme activities.Thus,it appeared that deep plowing could off set the harms of long-term continuous cropping on a tobacco plantation providing a significant direction for an improvement on the agricultural practice.

The recent advances of the research on embryonic development of Litchi were reviewed as follow four aspects:the process of embryo and endosperm development of Litchi, the relationship between the growth harmony of embryo and endosperm with the rate of fruit set, the influence of endogenous hormone variation and ectogenous growth regulators on Litchi embryonic development,the relationship between growth regulators and embryonic development of parthenocarpy Litchi types. From above,the relationship between different Litchi varieties and the mechanism of embryonic development were suggested. Some suggestions for the future research direction were made.

This article summarizes the basic method and the progress in using transgenic plants to produce pharmaceutical proteins including vaccine,antibodies and other proteins or polypeptides for medicinal purposes.The obstacles and corresponding strategies are discussed.

Fifty-eight strains of Bacillus spp.were isolated from the rhizospheric soils around watermelon,tomato and other plants at Yongtai,Fuqing,Minhou and 3 other counties in Fujian.Using multiple target pathogens inhibition test on 6 strains of Fusarium oxysporum Schl.,3 showed high inhibition activities.Among these strains of the biocontrol bacteria,Brevibacillus brevis JK-2,was most effective.Strain JK-2 displayed a broad-spectrum antagonistic activity to pathogenic fungi and bacteria,including Verticillium dahliae,Verticillium albo-atrum,Verticillium fungicola,Colletotrichum gloeosporioides,Monilia laxa and Ralstonia solanacearum.The antimicrobial compounds produced by JK-2 were stable to high temperature(i.e.,100℃)and insensitive to proteinase K.It had control efficacies to watermelon wilt at 83.60% and 78.96% in the field and pot culture tests,respectively.

The preserving effect of SA(50 ml·L^-1 SA+2% sucrose) on cut rose was investigated in contrast to the effect of 8-HQC(300 ml·L^-1 8-HQC+2% sucrose ) The results showed that the preserving effects of SA treatment was similar to that of 8-HQC treatment Compared with deionized water treatment,the two preservatives significantly decreased the respiration rate,alleviated the moisture stress and the membrane injure,improved the decorative quality of cut flower in vasing duration and lengthened the holding-vase life for 3 days SA treatment made the cut roses more colorful and ornamental than that 8-HQC treatment.

Flavonoids are one kind of the most important substance in citrus fruits. Extraction methods for flavonoids (solvent method, microwave method, enzyme decomposition method, supercritical fluid extraction method and ultrasonic extraction method) were summarized, as well as isolation-purification method for flavonoids (column chromatography method, thin layer chromatography method, macroporous resin adsorption method and high speed counter current chromatography method,) All these provided reference for the study of flavonoids from Citrus. These data may supply useful information to extraction and purification of flavonoids from the citrus fruits.

DNA in red paddy soil was amplified by polymerase chain reaction(PCR) through specific primers of 16S rDNA gene of anaerobic ammonia-oxidizer.PCR product was purified,cloned and sequenced.A 502 bp sequence of 16S rDNA gene of anaerobic ammonia-oxidizer belonging to Planctomycetes was obtained.Quantity of anaerobic ammonia-oxidizer in the red paddy soil during the rice growing season was monitored by the real-time PCR.The standard curve was made using the plasmid DNA with this rDNA sequence.The results showed that anaerobic ammonia-oxidizers existed in the surface as well as the root zone of the red paddy soil.The quantity changed during the rice growth season.The quantity of anaerobic ammonia-oxidizers in the surface soil increased gradually during the growing season.On the other hand,in the root zone,the number of the bacteria in the soil increased only at the late stage after booting.The anaerobic ammonia-oxidizers might contribute to the nitrification in the red paddy soil.

Super high-yielding rice cultivars which were newly bred in China was used to study the relationship between culm traits and lodging resistance. The results indicated that thicker culms were associated with larger panicles; dry matter stored in stem and sheath played an active role in seed development. The breaking-resistant strength of culm was positively correlated with the amount of dry matter stored in stem and thickness of culm. Lodging index was positively correlated with plant height and bending moment, negatively correlated with thickness of culm and breaking-resistant strength; however, there was no relationship between lodging index and internode cross-sectional thickness. The results showed that thicker culms was benefit to larger panicles, so it is important to control plant height properly, breed cultivar of thicker culm, increase dry matter of stem and improve the development of mechanical tissue to strengthen lodging ability.

The biological functions of PRs,localization and transportation in the plant tissues and cells, induction and expression of encoding genes and transgenic plants as well as the relationship between PRs and plant disease resistance were reviewed The respect on PRs and its application in disease-resistant breeding were also discussed in this paper.

Three virus strains were isolated from the diseased layers that experienced abrupt reduction in egg-laying in different regions.These isolated viruses could cause SPF chick-embryo and Muscovy duck-embryo to die with hemorrhage in embryo-livers.Healthy egg-producing layers inoculated with these isolates showed symptoms similar to that of the field cases,and the same viruses could be reisolated.These isolates could proliferate in MDEF causing cytopathic effect.They showed no haemagglutination activity,were sensitive to chloroform and ether,and resisted to FUDR.PCR and IFA screening indicated that the isolates were negative to avian fluvirus,Newcastle Disease Virus,egg-laying-reduction syndrome virus,infectious bronchitis virus,infectious laryngotracheitis virus,duck reovirus,duck parvovirus,infectious bursal disease virus and goose parvovirus;but positive to flavivirus.The nucleotide sequence from the isolates had greatly homogeneity with duck flavivirus isolates.These results indicated that the isolates were the viruses causing the layer′s reduction in egg-laying in recent years,and that they belonged to the genus,Flavirirus.

With the environmental and ecological concerns,biological and physical means of pest control have become increasingly important.It is,therefore,essential to understand the interrelations among plant,herbivorous insects and natural enemies.This paper summarizes the reports of recent studies on the insect's orientation mechanisms.

Site-specific recombination technology has been developed and widely applied for plant genetic manipulations.It can successfully delete marker genes from a transgenic plant or site-specifically integrate a gene to a pre-determined genomic location in a precise,single-copy pattern.This article reviews the Cre/loxp site-specific recombination technique and its applications for marker gene deletion and precise gene integration.

The strength of a rice stem is an important property that affects not only the plant's ability to resist lodging, but also its yield and quality. Commonly found, the rice's brittleness mutant could be used in breeding new grain-and-straw dual-purpose rice varieties. Since it can introduce cellulose-decrase, lignin-increase and/or nutrition-modification on rice plants, it is also important in the studies involving breeding rice for paper-making and forage. The source, formation mechanism, gene-mapping, cloning, functional research of the mutant, as well as its applications in breeding conventional transgenic and grain-and-straw dual-purpose rice are reviewed and discussed in this article.

According to the principle of circular economy and ecological economy,the technology of anaerobic and aerobic fermentation has been combined with a comprehensive utilization route to control sewage pollution in livestock and poultry farm.The practice of sewage treatment in intensive feeding farm in Jingxi Town of Minhou County of Fuzhou City,showed that the sewage pollution in animal husbandry industry could be solved by such a route.The treated sewage indexes for COD_Cr,BOD₅,SS,NH₃-N,and TP reached 58 mg·L^-1,13.3 mg·L^-1,72 mg·L^-1,34.9 mg·L^-1, 7.2 mg·L^-1,respectively,which reach the Intergratel Pollutant Discharge Standard according to "The drainage standard for sewage from livestock and poultry production".The project was run steadily and a remarkable benefits in economy and ecology have been obtained.

Electroantennogram(EAG)was employed to record the electrophysiolog ical responses of the diamondback moth(DBM)adult to crucifer of nine volatiles.The results showed higher EAG responses of DBM to six carbon alcohol and aldehyde were displayed,such as 1-hexanol,hexanal,trans-2-hexen-1-al.However,the weaker EAG responses of DBM to terpenes such as(1R)-(+)-α-pinene,α-terpinene,(+)-3-carene,1,8-cineole and d-limonene were displayed.The EAG responses were enhanced with the increase in concentration,of 1-hexanol,hexanal,trans-2-hexen-1-al,heptanal,α-terpinene and d-limonene respectively.The EAG response to(1R)-(+)-α-pinene,(+)-3-carene and 1,8-cineole were decreased at first and then increased to the maximum with increasing concentrations.The highest EAG response in female was to trans-2-hexen-1-al and the EAG relative value was approximately 331%,and that in male was to 1-hexanol and the EAG relative value was approximately 298%.The maximal differences of EAG relative values of DBM responding to the same concentration of volatiles were no more than two fold.

A zinc-finger gene(tentatively named OsZF153),which was preferentially expressed in the rice stems and leaves,was identified by RT-PCR analysis.A fusion vector was constructed by combining approximately 2 kb upstream from the start codon of the gene OsZF153 with the reporter gene GUS.The GUS activity was detected in the T0 generation of transgenic rice plants.A strong GUS activity could be detected in the stems and leaves,while a weak one in the roots and hull,of the genetically modified rice.But no GUS activity was observed in stamen,pistil,embryo or endosperm of the transgenic rice.The results suggested that OsZF153 promoter was a vegetative organ promoter,which was preferentially active in stems and leaves of rice.

Developing course, kinds, character and prescription of medium substance and nutient solution for soilless culture were introduced, some famous prescription of nutrient solution in the world were extracted, their composition and application were also introduced.

Minghui 63,the first breakthrough in elite restoring lines in China by artificial restoration research,was bred by crossing IR30 with Gui 630 in spring 1981.Minghui 63 has such characteristics as strong ability in restoration,broad in restoring spectrum,high combining ability,fine comprehensive argonomic characters,resistance to rice blast and high yield in seed production.It is not only a good restoring line for prominent benefit,with the widest areas and the longest duration of continued utilization in Chinese hybrid rice production,but also a fine germplasm of the greatest contribution in selecting new restoring lines.In 1984-1996,18 hybrid rice combination from restoring line Minghui 63 had been developed to an accumulated area of 65 60 million hm², among which Shanyou 63 had an area of 52 67 million hm².A series of new restoring lines were developed from Minghui 63 as the main parent,among which 17 combinations were examined and approved by the provincial authorities concerned.Based on past years of extension practice,experience and statistical data systems, the selection procedure,characteristics and utilization value of this restoring line was described.

Cold water paddy fields constitute an important medium-to-low yield land in Fujian.Including the existing research results reported in China,this paper highlights the distribution,classification and formation of the cold water paddies,displays typical difficulties associated with their utilization,presents various comprehensive treatment/utilization technologies,and proposes an evolution law of development and prospect for future research on cold water paddy.

Rhabdovirus contains a linear,negative-sense and single-stranded RNA genome.It encodes 5 structural proteins,including nucleoprotein(N),phosphoprotein(P),matrix protein(M),glycoprotein(G) and RNA polymerase(L).The matrix protein takes multi-function in the virus infection cycle,including participating in virus budding and assembly,inhibiting protein nucleocytoplasmic transport,and regulating host gene transcription and inducing cell apoptosis.Recent advances in the research on the matrix protein are reviewed.

The genus Bacillus contains Gram-positive, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria that are able to produce bacterial endospores. Spores have a very strong resistance to heat, ultraviolet light, dry, ionizing radiation and a lot of toxic chemicals. As spore properties, Bacillus research has becoming more and more important. International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology (IJSEM), published by the Society for General Microbiology (SGM), is the leading forum for the publication of new taxa of bacteria and yeasts. The papers were mainly introduced references of Bacillus in IJSEM in the past ten years, and approached several desirable questions.

The nutritional contents in the muscle of Epinephlus akaara,E.awoara and E.coioides were analyzed and evaluated.Protein content of the fresh muscle of E.awoara(21.76%) was higher than that of E.akaara(19.15%) or E.coioides(20.21%).The contents of total amino acids(TAA),essential amino acids(EAA) and flavoring amino acids(FAA) in dry weight fish flesh were 67.94%,27.35% and 26.30%,respectively,in E.akaara,72.25%,30.58% and 26.90%,respectively,in E.awoara,and 73.38%,30.77% and 27.53%,respectively,in E.coioides.The FAA to TAA ratio in E.akaara was the highest among the three groupers(38.71%).The amino acids score(AAS) and chemical score(CS) showed no significant difference among the three species.The EAA index of E.akaara was the highest(85.71) among the three groupers.The EPA+DHA contents in E.akaara and E.awoara were 20.4% and 20.5%,respectively,and they were higher than that in E.coioides.The results indicated that the three different species of groupers were nutritive and delicious seafood.Their nutritional values were similar,but the flavor of E.akaara and E.awoara appeared to be more desirable than that of E.coioides,based on their FAA contents.

This study analyzed the composition of the anaerobic fermentation residues(AFR) from different biogas digesters to provide data for the safe utilization of the material.The results showed that ① all nutrients in the biogas liquid were significantly lower than those in the sediment,especially in regard to the organic matters,humic acid,crude fiber,vitamin C and dry matters found in the liquid which were merely 2-5% of those in the residue;② the hygienic indices of the biogas liquid were significantly better than those of the residue,the harmful components in the fluid were significantly less than the residue.

Flavanoids, anthocyanins, carotenoids and vitamins contained in fruits have been considered as important functional compounds mainly for their biological actives in antioxidants, free radical scavenger, cancer prevention, anti-inflammation and anti-anaphylaxis.In this article, the content and composition of the compounds were compared among fruit varieties, the application and the efficiency of which in food, medication and chemical industries were reviewed.It suggests that the researches should focus more on monomer components in their functions and processing, and on various by-products of fruit for their comprehensive utilization.

According to the industrial and agricultural development,Shang-hang,Jin-jiang,Long-wen and Xia-pu were selected as representative regions in this study.Thirty-two soil samples from 4 regions and fifty-two vegetable samples from 19 varieties were taken for detecting of heavy metal content.The results showed that the Cd,Pb and Hg contents of some soil samples were higher than it of national standard.Based on the comprehensive heave metal pollution index,the 28.13% of total soil samples reached in warning level of pollution and 6.25% were in moderate statuses.Among vegetable samples,the 11.54% of which were polluted in certain extent by Cd,Hg and the highest pollution index was found from leaf vegetables.The most of polluted samples were obtained from Shang-hang County,followed by Jin-jiang and Long-wen.The most of polluted vegetable species were cabbage,mustard,etc.Results indicated that the heavy metal contamination in vegetables was correlated in some degree with the species of vegetable and the development level of industrialization.The pollution resulted mainly with Cd and Pb.

Nutrients in the seaweeds, Enteromorpha, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Sargassum fusiforme and Laminaria japonica, that were collected from the coastal waters of Fujian were analyzed.The results indicated that the contents of polysaccharide dietary fibers and crude fibers in the seaweeds were more than 50%.Contents of crude protein in Enteromorpha and G.lemaneiformis were 15.6%-38.2%,which were higher than in other seaweeds.The ratios of TAA/protein were 79.8%-91.4%.The essential amino acid compositions of the 4 seaweeds were balanced, i.e., 35.4%-40.0% for EAA/TAA and 0.55-0.67 for EAA/NEAA.The crude fat contents were low for all, but the fatty acids and the ratio of n-3 PUFA/fat were rich.The mineral contents were high as well, especially for Ca, Mg, K, Na and Fe.The contents of Mg, Fe, Zn and Cu in Enteromorpha were higher than other seaweeds.On the other hand, the contents of harmful elements including Pb, Hg, Cd and As were all below the tolerance limits stipulated for fish meal by GB 13078 standard.Therefore, the seaweeds, especially Enteromorpha and G.lemaneiformis, could be considered a safe, natural feedstuff resource rich in dietary fibers, minerals, and proteins, but low in calories.

Contents of amino acids and 8 minerals(i.e.,K,Mg,Ca,Na,Fe,Zn,Mn and Cu)in two of pitaya fruit,Yinlong and Baiyulong,grown in saline habitats were determined.The results indicated that the pitaya fruits contained 17 amino acids.The total amino acid contents of Yinlong and Baiyulong were 765.62 mg·g^-1FW and 1,122.60 mg·g^-1FW,respectively.Glutamic acid cotent was the highest among them,accounting for 15.88% and 20.77% of the total amino acids in Yinlong and Baiyulong,respectively.The pharmacological amino acids were rich in the pitaya fruits,constituting 62.79% and 66.88% of the total amino acids in Yinlong and Baiyulong,respectively.The contents of K,Mg,Ca,Fe and Zn were higher in the pitaya fruits from the plants grown in saline habitats than otherwise.Thus,the effect of cultivation of pitaya fruit plants under saline conditions on the fruit's chemical contents,quality and socio-economic benefits are presented for future reference.

The traditional classification of Bacillus was done mainly based on the phenotypic characteristics.There were 244 species of Bacillus cited in the book of the"Literature Review on Bacillus"by Liu(2006).With the development of new identification methodologies,especially the polyphasic taxonomical method,changes in the taxonomy of Bacillus are emerging.Many species have been re-classified from the genus into new genera.Based on the second edition of "Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology" published in 2004,this paper discusses the evolutional evidence,as well as the characterictics of the typical species of Bacillus related genera.According to the spore-forming,16S rRNA and other characteristics,22 Bacillus related genera have been separated from Bacillus.Of the 22 genera,15 belong to Bacillaceae and 7 are non-Bacillaceae.There are 13 genera that are only Bacillus in name.

After cultivation at 25℃ in 2216E agar medium, a strain of preponderant bacteria was isolated from the body of Pseudosciaena crocea affected by epidemic septicemia. The Pseudosciaena crocea were collected from Ningdeng City, Fujian Province in July 2000.Artificial infection proved that the bacterium isolated was the pathogen of the disease, the LD₅₀ was 1.0×10⁷ cfu·ml^-1.The isolate was tested for 43 items of morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics and classified as Vibrio parahaemolyticus.The bacteria were gram negative, curved rods, zymolysis type, with single polar flagellum.Oxidase, indole, lysine and ornithine decarboxylase tests were positive, and negative for arginine dihydrolase, urease, Voges-Proskauer, Kanagawa Phenomenon test. Some of the other characteristics, such as utilization of glucose and mannitol, negative for inositol and sucrose, utilization and production of hydrogen sulfide, sensitivity to 0/129, were also proved.

A new method to extract small amount of plasmid DNA with LiCl was developed.The results showed that the quality of plasmid DNA extracted by using this method was basically identical to that of the conventional alkalinelysis.The method satisfied the need for basic molecular biology experiments,and the procedure was simplified shortening the extracting time by 24 min.

This paper presented a comprehensive review of the studies on the physiological race,biochemicaltype,serotype,lysotype,pathogenictype,strains of Pseudomonas solanacearum of crop in China.And the advance in studies on the bacteriocin of Pseudomonas solanacearum and the induced resistance by using Pseudomonas solanacearum avirulent strains were stated.The crop varieties resistance to Pseudomonas solanacearum were also commented,and the control method of crop bacterial wilt was contributed.

Rapid advancement of the information-based technologies provides opportunities for breakthroughs in agricultural applications as well.The environmental parameters on the farmland can now be monitored in real time through the use of state-of-the-art sensing devices.In turn,the collected data would be the basis for precision controls.The present system was established for agricultural applications based on wireless sensing networks.It employed real-time online monitoring to generate needed environmental data,and consisted of wireless sensors,gateway and control center.The sensing network applied the hierarchical clustering algorithm for its topology,and the sleep-schedule on the sensors for energy-savings.The sensor nodes were designed based on CC2530 chip with the ZigBee protocol.The structures of applied system and ZigBee sensor node,as well as the software,are presented.The trial runs showed that the system was effective in data collection and network communication.In addition,the sleep-schedule not only reduced the energy consumption but also significantly prolonged the hardware's useful lifespan.

This paper analyzes the status of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions in Taiwan,anatomizing the strategy between energy-saving and carbon reduction of Taiwan agriculture,and put forward the countermeasures of Taiwan low-carbon modern agricultural including agricultural security,leisure agriculture,etc.Using experience of Taiwan for reference,we provide some thoughts about developing the Mainland low-carbon agricultural,and to strengthen cross-strait low-carbon agricultural exchanges and cooperation.

Anti-fungal activities of the extracts from Sargassum fusiforme were tested by means of hypha growth rate and spore germination.The results indicated that the R_f0.47 at 10 g•kg^-1,1 g•kg^-1 and R_f0.47 at 100 g•kg^-1,1 g•kg^-1 of the ethyl acetate phase on TLC from the S.fusiforme soaked in ethanol significantly inhibited Penicillium cyclopium growth.The inhibition rates of those components were 35%,50%,85% and 25%,respectively.The R_f0.30 at 100 g•kg^-1 of the same extract significantly inhibited Trichoderma viride and Aspergillus niger V.Tiegh growth with inhibition rates of 75.67% and 83.46%,respectively.The correlation analysis showed that concentrations of the 3 treatment groups significantly correlated to the inhibitory effect.Two-factors analysis of variance showed that the separation and concentration affected significantly on T.viride,P.cyclopium,A.niger V.Tiegh mycelial growth inhibition.In different concentrations,R_f0.47,R_f0.81 of Sargassum fusiforme soaked with ethanol,R_f0.00 of Sargassum fusiforme soaked with ether and ethanol ethyl acetate phase and ethyl acetate phase of Sargassum fusiforme ether,R_f0.30 of Sargassum fusiforme soaked with ether have the extremely significant inhitition on the germination of spores of Aspergillus niger V.Tiegh.

Different geno type of rice varieties(Oryza sativa)have been studied on rice rhizo biainter actio ns ino culated with Rhizo bium str ains resulting in the change of root morphology.Microsco pic analysis showed that root hair deformation and curling of rice seedlings star ted from inoculation after 7 days.Most of root hair scurling were about 90皌o 180?,a few root hairs for med 180? to 360癱urling,shorter and thicker lateral root no dular structures for med from inoculation after 35 to 45 days.The frequency of the nodular structure for mation was closely related to the conbination of rice varieties and Rhizo hium strains.

Agaricus biazei Murvill has been artificially cultured in Japan and Taiwan of China, but the yield was low.In order to further find out its characters, increase the yield and improve the culture technique, some characters of Agaricus btazei Murvill have been explored.The investigation results showed that,a).its spores are ellipse-shaped 6.5×5.0μm:locd-shaped association was found in growing mycellium, the width is arround 5～6μm, b).the optical termperature for the growth of mycellium is 22～23℃, suitable pH is 6.5～7.5, optical humidity in culture medium is growing material:water=1:2.4.optical carbon source is glucose and nitrogen source is(NH₄)₂SO₄, corn meal and wheat bran.c).the optiacl temperature for the development of fruit body is 18～21℃, the air relative humidity is 85～95%.d).adding 864 bacterial solution into culture medium during femetation process may enhance the growth of mycellim, development of fruit body and yield increased 54%to compare with check treatment.e).polysaccharide content in fruit body is 6.55%, protein content is 28.70%, the total aminoacid in each l00 g protein is l9.22 mg,among which the human necessary aminoacids are 9.10 mg and occupied 47.33%of total content rough fat is 2.881%.Agaricus biazei Murvill is a valuable edible fungi.

Six early-maturing, indicaclinous type restore lines (i.e., Gmh01, Gmh03, Gmh05, Gmh06, Gm4006, and Gme24) were bred by crossing Indica japonica, and selected according to thepre-determined criteria and their restoring abilities. They were further crossed with two Indica CMS lines with a 2×6 incomplete diallele design.The genetic effect and heterosis on yield-related traits of the bred rice cultivars were analyzed using the additive-dominant genetic model.The results showed that the grains and filled grains per panicle of the rice were controlled mainly by the additive effect, while the duration from seeding to heading, length of main panicle, panicles per plant,and seed setting rate by the dominant effect.The yield-related traits of F₁ had an apparent heterosis, but were affected by the genetic variation of the alleles resulting in differences on the degree and direction of the effect. Among the 6 restorers,Gmh01,Gmh03,and Gme24 exhibited significant genetic improvements and desirable overall characteristics. Hence, they were considered the potential candidates in breeding rice for the benefit of heterosis.

Effects of pH,light intensity and temperature on the growth and root formation of Dendrobium officinale cultivated in vitro were studied.Results showed that the height,rate of root formation and fresh weight of D.officinale were affected significantly by light intensity and temperature(P<0.05);and that the root formation and fresh weight were significant affected by pH(P<0.05),but not on the plantlet height.The optimal conditions for the growth and root formation of D.officinale were: pH 5.4 at 25℃ with the light intensity of 1500 lx.

Using RT-PCR assay,bioinformatics prediction and expression of promoter-GUS fusion,the expression patterns of OsZF77 gene,a rice CCCH-type zinc finger gene,was studied.The OsZF77 ORF comprises 843 bp,and the predicted protein contains 280 amino acids with two CCCH domains.The RT-PCR analysis showed that OsZF77 gene was preferentially transcribed in rice endosperm and was not expressed in rice embryo and other vegetative organs.In a further analysis on the cis-elements of OsZF77 promoter region,a sequence component RY(CATGCATG),which was necessary for seed-specific expression,was found.In addition,the approximate 2.5 kb promoter region of OsZF77 gene was fused into GUS reporter gene and transformed into rice.The histochemical analysis revealed that GUS expression could not be detected in the transformed rice embryo,but clearly observed in the endosperm.These results indicated that OsZF77 gene might be an endosperm-preferential expressed gene.

A virus WR strain was isolated from the ducks,which experienced abrupt reduction in egg-laying or died of ovarianhemorrhage.The Muscovy ducks inoculated with the WR strain showed pathological effects similar to that of the field cases.The virus could be recovered from the tissues of the sampled ducks in the wild.The viron of the isolated virus had an enveloping membrane and was 30-50 nm in diameter,as observed under electron microscope.The virus WR strain was sensitive to chloroform,and had no haemagglutination activity on chicken,duck or goose sera at pH 7.2.The virus was tested using RT-PCR,and the positive PCR product sequenced and analyzed.The length of the amplified fragment was about 1kb.The sequenced nucleotide had the greatest homogeneity(i.e.,88.7%) with Tembusu Virus at the nucleotide position 9-777.Phylogenetic analysis of Flaviviridae showed the isolated WR strain appeared to share a common ancestor with Tembusu,Louis encephalitis,Israel turkey meningoencephalomyelitis and Ntaya Viruses.However,it seemed to have its own branch on the evolution tree.The results indicated that the isolated WR strain belonged to the genus Flavirirus,but not a member of any of the known groups in the genus.It might be a new Flavivirus species that has not been reported previously.

The restorer line Minghui63 of hybrid rice was most widely utilized, popular for the longest time, the largest planting area, and most significant yield increasing in hybrid rice combinations bred during past 30 years. In the meanwhile, it will be continued to play a unique role in hybrid rice bred in China. So Minghui63 was a milestone as one of the main parents to breed restorer lines for the renewal of hybrid rice combinations. With the extension of hybrid rice in the world, Minghui63, the restorer line was widely crossed to prepare new hybrid rice combinations with different male sterile lines of hybrid rice. Up to 2009, there were 34 combinations of hybrid rice approved by the national and provincial crop variety registration committee, and four of them were approved by the national authorities in China. The statistics indicated that the total planting area of hybrid rice combinations derived from Minghui63 was 84.144 million hectare, about 24.51% of the total planting area of hybrid rice in China from 1984 to 2009. Furthermore, Up to 2009, 544 new restorer lines were bred successfully derived from Minghui63 as the main parent in China. 924 combinations of hybrid rice with these new restorer lines were approved by the national and provincial crop variety registration committee. The total planting area of hybrid rice combinations from these new restorer lines derived from one of parent Minghui63 was 81.093 million hectare, about 28.23% of the total growing area of hybrid rice in China from 1990 to 2009. Moreover, Minghui63 was a germplasm for molecular biology research. There were mainly forty three genes mapped in the different chromosome of Minghui63, and nine of them had been cloned. On molecular breeding of Minghui63, it were mainly transplanted or introgressed insect、herbicide、blast、Bacterial blight、brown planthopper resistance gene and Yield-enhancing QTL。At the last, the theory of four characteristics integrated comprising high yield, good quality, stress resistance and wide adaptability was put forward based on practice of hybrid rice bred and prospecting breeding of super hybrid rice in the future.

Huaixiangjing 15 (coded Huai 6188) was a new rice variety certified in 2013 by the Crop Approval Committee at Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Using the data collected from the regional trials on the late-sowing, late-mature Japonica rice in Jiangsu during 2011-2012, the variation and regression coefficients from a t test analysis on the fertility characteristics, production stability, and adaptability of Huaixiangjing 15 were compared with those of Nanjing 44 and Wuyunjing 23 (CK). The results showed a significant superiority of the new variety over CK on all those aspects. It was, thus, considered a newly added desirable late-maturing, high-yield, medium-grain Japonica rice.

Fuzhou is rich in culinary arts,but lags behind on tourism in comparison to some other regions in China.This article describes the resources,characteristics and potential of the local culinary arts and also discusses the difficulties and recommendations for the tourism development.

The field and hydroponic experiments were conducted to confirm the effect of sulfur on rice grain yield and diagnostic index of sulfur deficiency,the results showed as follows: ①Fertilization of sulfur enhanced the number of effective panicles,percentage of filled grain and 1000 grain weight,significantly increased the grain yield.In sandy soils,which contained medium available sulfur,the proper doses of sulfur fertilizer was 15 kg per hectare. ②The effect of sulfur deficiency on rice grain yield was more serious at tillering stage than that at seedling and ear developing stage.Sulfur fertilizer should be applied as basic fertilizer. ③The proper organ for sulfur diagnosis was rice leaves.Total sulfur,sulfate sulfur and N/S ratio could be used for sulfur diagnosis and the critical levels were 0.11%,190 μg/g and 31 respectively at tillering stage.

In order to obtain highly purified soft-shell turtle iridovirus(STIV) for immunological studies,3 methods were investigated.The purified virus was analyzed to certify its purity and protein structure.Results indicated an impurity and low recovery rate in the process applying two freezing-thawing cycles followed by differential centrifugation.Furthermore,the electron microscopic observation on the virus was difficult.On the other hand,by freezing-thawing the virus culture followed by magnetic stirring,ultrasonication and differential centrifugation,the virus recovery rate was improved.However,the virus structure was damaged.Alternatively,virus culture was concentrated by centrifugation,homogenization,magnetic stirring and differential centrifugation,in that order,and followed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation.The most satisfactory result was finally obtained.The virus particles collected could be observed in 30%-40%,40%-50% or 50%-60% sucrose density fractions.The most abundant and intact virions were seen in the 50%-60% fraction.The purified STIV virions were further subjected to SDS-PAGE.The result showed that the STIV contained more than 20 proteins,and that its major capsid protein corresponded to a 50kDa abundant protein.The Western-blot analysis further indicated that most of the protein bands could be specifically recognized by using high quality mouse anti-STIV serum.

Rice dwarf-like disease is one of the common viral diseases of rice.In recent years,rice dwarf-like disease occurs frequently in several provinces in China with a rising trend.This paper reviews the rice dwarf-like disease’s situation,classification,symptoms,transmission route and pathogenesis,followed by its genome study.In addition,the screening of resistant material,the resistant gene mapping and cloning,as well as the existing problems are discussed.Future expectation on the related research and new areas for studies on the rice dwarf-like disease are also included.

The cultural method,technologic process and seasonal arrangements(for spring and autumn cultivation) were definitely developed and arranged,according to the climate in Fujian and the biological characteristics of Agaricus blazei. During cultivating,in order to cause fruiting in good order and lead to obvious flush,it must put emphasis on ventilation while water spraying enough was required after soil covering.To control the main diseases and pests effectively,the integrated control measure were put forward as:adjusting and improving environment codition and applying chemicals rationally and safely.And to eusure the quality of dry mushroom,it must pay attention to pick up and bake timely.The average biological efficiency was 48.64%,and average yield of fresh fruitbodies was 12.16 kg/m².This project had been spread on seven counties of Fujian Province in a planned way for four years,the total cultural area was 380833 m² and the total yield of dry mushroom was 167.7 t,and the output value added up to 25,383,000 RMB.According to the economic benefit analysis,the ratio of investment to profit was 1:2.68.

The nutrients and nutritive value of Arapaima gigas fillet were determined.The results showed that the protein and fat in the fresh muscles were 16.5% and 6.8%,respectively.The total content of 18 amino acids was 54.76%(dry weight),while 37.6% of which was the 8 essential amino acids.The ratio of essential amino acids to non-essential amino acids was 58.91%.The essential amino acids index was 65.7,with the first and second limiting amino acid being Met and Trp,respectively.The content of 4 flavoring amino acids was 22%.It contained 8.6% DHA and EPA.The unsaturated fatty acid made up 55.8% of the total fatty acids.The contents of minerals and trace elements were high,particularly,Ca(i.e.,3367 mg·kg^-1).

Papaya, Carica papaya L., is one of the major fruits in the tropical and subtropical regions.Hermaphroditic variety is generally preferred for commerce as its more desirable fruit shape and quality can bring higher profitability.However, the plant’s gender expression can be affected by ambient temperature.At elevated temperatures, the plant tends to produce male flowers with intermittent fruiting, resulting in decreased yields.In order to search for remedy to overcome the problem, four treatments were tested on hermaphroditic papaya trees during the months of July and August in the years from 2007 to 2009. The treatments included (1) mulching under the tree with wet straw or fresh grass, (2) pruning inflorescence, (2) ring-girdling on trunk, and (4) combining the above three methods.The results showed that all treatments significantly repressed the gender alteration, decreased the numbers of male flowers and intermittent fruiting, and increased the number of fruits on the trees, as compared with the control.However, among the 4 treatments, the combination of 3 methods appeared to be the best, as it was most effective in completely suppressing the intermittent fruiting at high temperature.

This paper reviews the research results on the fractionation of soil organic carbon.A focus was placed on the dynamics of the decomposition,accumulation,content,storage and allocation proportion of soil organic carbon and its fractions under different land uses and management.The information should aid in formulating appropriate measures to reduce greenhouse gas emission.

We isolated a female gamete to a fertility-related mutant,from a T-DNA insertional population of indica rice.The transgenic plants carrying a T-DNA insertion displayed phenomena that hygromycin resistance and sensitivity segregation ratios showed 1∶1 by χ²-test and the homozygous progeny was not found in 6 successive generations.Reciprocal crosses between heterozygous plants and the wild types showed that the allele could not be transmitted through the female.Statistical analysis showed that the ripening rate of exogenous marker gene hpt with the plant has occurred almost half of the female gamete abortion,embryo sac fertility and closely linked to the hpt gene.Southern-blot showed that the mutant carried with a copy of T-DNA insertion.All of these indicated that the mutant is a gametophyte ovary sterile mutant caused by T-DNA insertion(tentatively named as female gametogenesis sterile 1,fgs1).Cytologic observation showed that pollen fertility of fgs1 was as normal as the wild type minghui 86,but the development of female gamete was blocked.In the female gamete of fgs1 mutant,we found that egg cell(E),synergids(S),antipodal cells(A)and polar nuclei(P)appeared disaggregation one by one during the 8 nucleuses period and the fertilization halted.

Vegetables accumulate nitrate residues easier than other crops.Thus,studying the factors affecting the accumulation in vegetables and possible control measures has been the focus for research scientists.This paper gives the current status on the study summarizing the internal factors,such as species,variety and accumulation site,as well as,the external factors,such as,fertilization,illumination,moisture and harvest stage.These factors affect the absorption and dynamic change of nitrate in the vegetables.Control measures,such as,by improving the agronomic practices,regulating environmental conditions and breeding new vegetable varieties,in order to reduce the nitrate pollution are presented.

Increasing demand by the food and biomass energy industries has generated a great deal of interest in high-starch sweet potato varieties.This study was to determine the change of amylase content during storage and its correlation with the germination of sweet potatoes.The results showed that all varieties had a peak α-amylase level at harvest and germination.The α-amylase content was stable whether the sweet potatoes were heat-treated or not.The total amylase was constantly low up to 92 days in storage.It increased gradually afterward.The amylase content was lower when subjected to a high-temperature treatment.There was no direct relation found between amylase content and germination rate.However,the high-temperature-treated sweet potatoes had a higher percent of α-amylase during the storage from 112th to 152nd day,as well as a greater sprouting rate than those without the high-temperature treatment.

Total polyphenols content,SOD activity,anti-hydroxy free radical capacity and total antioxidative capacity of 13 fruits from Taiwan were determined.The fruits included Murcott orange and Minnong No.1 grapefruit,which were introduced and popularized in Fujian.The results showed significant differences among the fruits.Mangosteen and guava had the highest antioxidative ability,and Murcott and Minnong No.1 also showed good antioxidative ability.The results could provide valuable information for studying and selecting fruit varieties to be imported from Taiwan.

The immune sytem of insect consists cellular and humoral immunity.The insect immunity at the molecular level showed its complexity.Insect’s pathogeny identification,signaling pathway and defense mechanism reveal a stark homology with mammal’s.Increasing number of studies are showing that the insect immunity has specificity,memory,and adaptation by changing their immunocytes to fend off different microbes.

This paper presents a developmental platform for the agriculture expert system based on the 3G/Smartphone technology.DepAes, applying the dichotomous reasoning method, could be used for the development of expert information and mathematical mode1s by searching for nodes within dichotomous trees of the data-structure.It was designed to be a generalized platform for agricultural professionals to develop their own multimedia expert systems.DepAes was friendly for data entry, simple in operation, and open for sharing.Therefore, it should be useful for the development of agricultural informatization.As the demand for mobile communications grows constantly, the Smartphone and 3G mobile technologies were deemed to be adapted for the agriculture mobile information processing and mobile computing as well.Establishment of DepAes platform would facilitate such development.

This paper reviews the recent research progress in China and abroad on the pool size, composition and eco-functions of the soluble organic nitrogen (SON) in soil in the forestry ecosystem.The SON content in forest soil varied with soils, forest types, climate conditions and analytical methods.The soil SON content in the mineral layer is generally between 1 mg·kg^-1 and 87 mg·kg^-1.It ranges from 23 mg·kg^-1 to 448 mg·kg^-1 in the organic layer.They account for 16%-96% of the total soluble nitrogen in the soil.Soil SON includes a mixture of nitrogenous compounds of different structure, including ammonia nitrogen, amino acids and ammonia sugar.Forest plants can utilize low molecular weight SON(such as artificial fertilization of amino acids).However, no evidence has been shown that the plants could directly absorb the natural SON in soil.Forest soil SON is a very important nitrogen source.It plays a significant role in the nitrogen cycle in the forestry ecosystem.Future research on forest soil SON should focus on chemical and biological properties of SON, dynamic characteristics of soil natural SON, nutritional functions of the natural SON in N-limited forestry ecosystem, eco-function evaluation of SON, impact of microorganisms on SON kinetics in the forest ecosystem and direct uptake of SON by forest plants.

Emergy analysis is a science created by H.T.Odum.Emergy,specifically,Solar Emergy,is "the available solar energy used up directly and indirectly to make a service or product".Odum pioneered the development and use of emergy.He presented it as a way of understanding the behavior of self-organized systems,valuing ecological goods and services,and jointly analyzing ecological and economic systems.This basic concept is quite straightforward,however,its implications potentially profound.This paper discusses the main progress of the science of emergy on its applications and theory,provides insight into the relationship between it and other ecological analysis methods,attempts to point out research difficulties,and suggests areas for further studies in order to promote and better understand it.

Tannic acid was used to precipitate soluble proteins in fermented fishmeal.Applying a time-of-flight mass spectrometer,the molecular weight of the protein in the filtrate was found to be lower than 2047.98Da.Total solvable peptide content in the fermented fishmeal was determined by using the biuret method,and polypeptide in the precipitate by using Kjeldahl method.Then,the oligopeptide content was calculated.This determination method showed recovery rates for the 2546 Da and 1500 Da low molecular weight proteins to be 92.42% and 5.91%,respectively.

Main nutritional and medicinal components of pileus and stem of log cultivated Reishi (G.lucidum) were analysed.The results showed that contents of protein,fat and amino acids of the stem were lower than the pileus,but polysaccaridae and triterpenois acids were 0.98% and 0.12 mg/g respectively.In addition,the ratio of essential amino acids was higher than the pileus.Therefore,the stem can be applied into the extract production.Experiment results showed that extract rates of stem,pileus of grade C and B were 2.03%～2.06%,3.64%～3.76% and 4.65%～4.85% respectively,and there were obvious differences among main components in their extracts or extract powders.The extract rate can be controlled within the ranges from 3.03% to 3.12% and 3.92% to 4.03%,while two suitable material compositions (pileus of grade B with 30% stem and pileus of grade C with 20% stem) were adopted and the product quality was relatively stable.Thereby,the product quality was effectively under the control.Our extract powder samples were analysed and checked in Japan,and were identified up to standard.The content of polysaccaridae was higher than the similar product in Japan.

The development,technical characteristics and application of genome shuffling is introduced.Factors that constrain its wide applications are discussed.The viability and prospect for its application in breeding new mushroom varieties are presented.

This article compares the history,current status,industrial policy,managerial mechanism,technological development and scientific innovation of the health/functional food industries in Taiwan and Mainland.Some thoughts on the industrial development for the future in China and closer cooperation between the two regions are presented.

The nutritional content and sanitary indexes of Periplaneta americana L.were determined.The results showed that crude protein and fat in P.americana L.was 63.1% and 17.20%,respectively.There were 18 kinds of amino acids.The ratio of essential to total amino acid was 37.95%.It was rich in minerals.The dominant unsaturated fatty acid was oleic,and saturated fatty acid palmitic.The contents of Pb,As,Cd,Cr,mould fungus and bacteria were within the limit of safety.Therefore,P.americana L.could potentially be used as a material for high quality feed.

The root developmental morphology of Teyou 63 with different yield levels was studied to probe ideal root type of super high yielding rice Results showed that:The amount of rice root system decreased as negative exponential curve with the deepening of soil layers at ripen stage and the curve was asympotic to x-axis;The rice plants with 12 t·hm^-2 super high grain yield possessed larger root,dry matter weight (DMW), root volume, total root length and much more developed branch roots in each soil layer within 20cm,the roots densely distributed in soil;Shoot and root DMW increased with the growth of grain yield, but the growth rate of root DMW was lower than that of shoot,and this led to enlarged rate of top to root (T/R) and root activity, therefore,this maintained overall balance of the morphology and function of rice shoot and root;The contribution rate of the upper layer root (0-5cm) to the formation of super high yielding amounted to 65% and that of the lower layer root (5-20cm) to 35%.

The effects of exogenous putrescine (PUT)treatment on chilling injury of mango (Mangifera indica L.)fruits in cold storage were studied in detail. The results indicated that the low temperature(2℃)induced the increase of the endogenous polyamines level and the ethylene production of mango fruits,significantly decreased SOD in pericarp,increased continuously the MDA content and the membrane permeability. The exogenous PUT increased the endogenous polyamines level,inhibited the ethylene production and maintained the SOD activity of pericarp at higher level,retarded the increase of the MDA content and the membrane permeability, and postponed the occurance of the chilling injury of mango fruits. The mango fruits in 10℃ storage also showed an ethylene peak,the MDA content and the membrane permeability of pericarp were gradually increased during storage, this is a normal physiological response of ripening.

Ameliorating effect of biochar in varying concentrations (i.e., 0, 8, 16, 32 and 64 t hm^-2) on acidity of tea garden soils were studied in field trials. The results showed that, as compared with CK (no added biochar), the soil pH increased by 0.19-1.72, the soil exchangeable acid decreased by 0.79-3.96 cmol·kg^-1, the soil base saturation increased by 20.98-173.67%, and the soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) increased by 0.80-2.46 cmol·kg^-1 on the 0-20 cm layer of the soils. On the other hand, in the 20-40 cm layer of the soils, the pH of the treatment samples increased by 0.05-0.61, the soil exchangeable acid decreased by 0.20-2.14 cmol·kg^-1,the soil base saturation increased by 27.72-56.51%, and the soil CEC increased by 0.57-1.12 cmol·kg^-1. It appeared that the soil ameliorating effect increased with increasing biochar addition. The increase was particularly significant in the 0-20 cm than the 20-40 cm layer of the soils. The yield of the fresh tea leaves was changed 6.61%, 5.62%, -0.11% and -0.77% by the addition of biochar at the rates of 8, 16, 32 and 64 t·hm^-2, respectively. However, no significant differences (P>0.05) on tea yields between the treatments and control was found.

The experiments were conducted to investigate whether or not egg yolk antibodies can be used as a functional egg yolk powder preparation in the prevention and treatment for enteric infection caused by pathogenic Escherichia coli.The major results were as follows: 1) agglutination reaction appeared after the egg yolk antibodies mixed with the pathogenic Escherichia coli,and the bacteria activity decreased which's not agglutination;2) the mortality rate of mouse was 60% after challenge with 1.3×10⁹ CFU·mL^-1 Escherichia coli pathogen K88,K99 and 987P,while the mortality rate of mouse decreased to 10% after the pathogen mixed with egg yolk antibodies;3) after feeding functional egg yolk powder for 30 days and challenge with 2.6×10⁹ CFU·mL^-1,the mortality rate of mouse was 40% compared with the control group in 84%.Comparing with control group,the serum ALT,AST and ALP were significantly lower in treated mouse and the organ index of liver,spleen,thymus,the intestinal villus height and V/C ratio were significantly higher.The results indicated that the functional egg yolk powder can be prepared to prevent and treat the infection disease caused by pathogenic E.coli and effectively to improve the growth performance of mouse.

Using 11 gourd germplasms,the simulated heat stress experimentation was carried out in an artificial climate chamber.Heat damage to the gourd germplasms as indicated by the heat stress index,relative conductivity,MDA,POD,SOD,Pro and other physiological and biochemical changes was evaluated.Through 6 physiological and biochemical correlation,principal component and cluster analyses,the heat resistance of these germplasms was determined.The results showed that(a)in 7 days under artificial treatment,the heat-resistance of the germplasms could be effectively differentiated;(b)it was possible to apply analyses using the 6 physiological and biochemical parameters yielded 4 variables for the Euclidean distance cluster analysis for further evaluation of the differences on gourd's heat resistance;and(c)the cluster analysis identified 4 heat-sensitive,6 moderate heat-tolerant and one heat-tolerant germplasm.

A method of extraction and assay for the pectinesterase were investigated and proposed as follows: the best concentration of NaCl in extracting mixtrure is 5%,the best extracting temperature is 30℃,the best extracting time is 24 hours,the best conservating time is 24 hours,the best concentration of NaCl in mixture is 0.6% to 1.0%,and maintain the pH on 7.0.Between 30-50℃,the pectinesterase in achenes of Ficus awkeotsang has a good thermal stability.

Cut flowers of Eustoma grandiforum cultivars"702" were used to determine the physiological and biochemical changes taking place in the flowers kept in vase. The results showed that the fresh weight, soluble proteins, soluble sugar, respiration rate, as well as SOD and CAT activities in the flower petals increased in the early stage and decreased later on. On the other hand, the relative electric conductivity and POD activity increased while being held in a vase. Damage on the cell membrane resulted from the decreased protective enzymes activity and membrane lipid peroxidation might induce senescence on the cut-flowers.