[Objective] To breed a high-quality, disease-resistant, late-season restorer line of hybrid rice.[Method] By multiple-crossing between the strong restorer line, Shuhui 527, and F1 hybrid of the conventional rice HHSM (female parent) and the strong restorer line Minghui 86 (male parent), Fuhui 2165 with desirable plant and leaf morphologies and high combining ability was developed in 2010. Through multiple screenings for rice blast resistance in the natural disease-prone fields, such as Chadi of Shanghang and Huangtan of Jiangle, as well as the indoor blast verification test at the Plant Protection Institute of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuhui 2165 was continually improved using the chosen and resistant progenies for directional cultivation and generational stabilization in the successive years in Shaxian and Hainan. From the combination of Fuhui 2165 and the fine quality long-grain CMS line, Taifeng A, which was bred by the Rice research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the 3-line hybrid late-season rice combination Taiyou 2165 was obtained in 2014. Subsequently, it was submitted to and passed the comparative trial in 2015 and two-year regional tests as well as the production tests in 2016-2017.[Result] The average yield of Taiyou 2165 in the two-year regional tests reached 7,815.83 kg·hm^-2, which was 2.81% higher than that of the reference variety, Yiyou 673. It displayed a medium infection susceptibility toward the rice blast and was given a second-grade high quality rice status issued by the Ministry of Agriculture. In 2018, Taifyou 2165 was certified by the Fujian Province Crop Variety Approval Committee.[Conclusion] Taifyou 2165 demonstrated a high and stable yield, excellent grain quality, strong disease resistance, and promising marketing potential, and therefore, was recommended for promotion in Fujian.

[Objective] To develop a barley variety with the grains suitable either for food as it or for sprout production to meet the marketing demand.[Method] In the winter of 2003, the colchicine mutagenesis breeding method was employed to treat Minyou No. 3 during tiller development period. In the following spring, desirable mutants were crossed as female plant with the male Pudamai No. 5. The new hybrid barley was then cultivated after years of pedigree breeding to arrive at the finalized cultivar, Fudamai No. 2.[Result] In 2012-2014 district production trials in Fujian, Fudamai No. 2 delivered an average annual yield of 4 550.58 kg·hm^-2 in the first year which was 5.6% higher than that of the reference, Fudamai No. 1, and 4 612.95 kg·hm^-2 for the second year with a 5.2% increase over the reference (both at significant differences). Like the reference, the new variety exhibited above moderate resistances to the powdery mildew, scab, and rust. In the 2015 production trial, an average yield of 4 662.95 kg·hm^-2 was obtained which represented a 6.29% increase over that of the reference. During the same year, the yield of fresh barley sprouts from Fudamai No. 2 in a trial was 24 084.75 kg·hm^-2 representing an 8.42% increase over that of control. As compared with the reference, the sprouts contained 22.65 g·hg^-1 of amino acids (an increase of 9%) and same levels on vitamin C and protein.[Conclusion] Fudamai No. 2 was strong in tiller generation, robust in renewable capability, productive on panicles, long on spike length, high in grain yield, and strong resistance to diseases with a promising commercial value. The sprouts from the seeds had the desirable quality of high yield and nutritional quality for marketing and/or processing as a health food product, such as fresh barley sprouts, sprout powder or juice. This new variety was deemed suitable for extended cultivation in Fujian and regions of similar ecological conditions.

[Objective] To establish a method for evaluating the characteristics of seed-derived Vitis davidii seedlings.[Method] Sixteen characteristics including stem girth, shoot length, leaf chlorophyll content, leaf area, leaf dry and fresh weight, and blade structure of the seedlings were determined for a comprehensive evaluation by principal component analysis.[Result] Significant variations were found on the growth of the seedlings, especially on shoot length, leaf chlorophyll content, and stem girth. The first 6 principal components made up 86.254% of the total contribution. The first principal component was determined by the stem girth, shoot length, chlorophyll content, leaf area, and fresh and dry weights of the leaves; the second principal component by the lengths of midrib, upper lateral vein, lower lateral vein, and downmost vein; and, the third principal component by the leaf width and the angle between upper lateral vein and midrib.[Conclusion] Using the eigenvalues corresponding to the 6 principal components and the ratio of single to extracted principal component, a comprehensive evaluation model for the seed-derived V.davidii seedlings was established. Accordingly, S4 and S35 scored the highest among the specimens. A rapid method to screen V.davidii resources at seedling stage for cultivar selection and new variety breeding had thus become available.

[Objective] Transcriptome analysis was conducted on Agaricus bisporus at 4 developmental stages to identify the genes associated with and decipher the molecular mechanism involving the fungal development.[Method] From 6 representative strains of A. bisporus including main cultivar As2796, its parents 02 and 8213, its backcrossing offspring W192, foreign wild strain ARP159, and domestic wild strain AgLH830, at primordium, young, harvesting, and opening stages, 24 fruiting body specimens were collected for transcriptome sequence analysis. By aligning them against the reference genome sequence of A. bisporus, the genes that were differentially expressed were identified. Both unique and common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were clearly exposed to be annotated using the databases to determine their specific functions.[Result] Among the 10 660 transcripts obtained, 677 genes were unique with 237 functionally annotated. The tested A. bisporus shared 49 common DEGs between primordium and young stages, 82 between primordium and harvest stages, and 73 between primordium and pileus opening stages. And, 13 genes were found commonly present in the various strains.[Conclusion] Both unique and common DEGs in A. bisporus at the 4 developmental stages were identified and annotated in the study.

[Objective] Effects of spraying water-soluble, amino acids-containing fertilizer on the phenophase and leaves of the vines, as well as the appearance and fruit quality of Kyoho grapes, were studied.[Method] Five-year-old Kyoho grapevines cultivated in a rain-free shelter were sprayed 3 times with water-soluble, amino acids-containing fertilizers in 15 d intervals after the beginning of flowering. The vine growth, leaf properties, and fruit quality were monitored for comparison.[Result] Directly spraying the fertilizers on leaf surface hastened the fruit maturation, promoted the peel coloration, accelerated the maturity and aging of fruit-bearing and vegetative branches, increased the leaf thickness and shoot girth, and significantly raised the soluble solid content in fruit. Among the 4 differently formulated fertilizers, Treatment 4 (containing amino acid ≥ 100 g·L^-1, yellow humic acid ≥ 100 g·L^-1, trace element combination of B, Fe, Zn and Mn ≥ 20 g·L^-1) was found to allow the grapes mature for market 12 d earlier than control. The treatment also significantly increased the leaf thickness, shoot girth, leaf area, and chlorophyll content benefitting photosynthesis. Meanwhile, it enabled 90% of the one-year-old and 76% of the vegetative branches on the vines to reach maturity significantly facilitating nutrient accumulation and flowering for the following year.[Conclusion] The Kyoho grapes of Treatment 4 had the desirably dark purple color, of appealing eating quality with 18.1% soluble solids and a soluble solid:acid ratio of 54.66, and a high gross revenue of 20 000 yuan per 667 m².

[Objective] To enhance the coloration of yellow peaches by bagging the fruits on the trees.[Method] Yellow single-layer or yellow-and-black two-layer paper pouches were used to cover the Tubade peaches 50 d after full bloom, in comparison with no bagging as CK. The individual fruit weight as well as the chromatic aberration and carotenoids content of peel were measured in the late peach developmental stages.[Result] Either of the applied bagging material could enrich the glossiness and saturation of the peels with no effect on fruit weight. The yellow pouches did not exert a consistent effect on xanthophylls, whereas, the two-layer pouches significantly reduced the content in the peels as compared to CK. Upon ripening, the xanthophylls contents of all treatments were close to 0. The yellow pouches significantly reduced the zeaxanthins, whereas, the two-layer pouches showed no effect on it 48 d but significantly reduced the content 55 d and 60 d after bagging. There was no significant effect on β-cryptoxanthin by the bagging or on α-carotene in peels of the fruits covered by the yellow pouches. However, the two-layer pouches significantly increased the α-carotene content than CK. Both bagging treatments significantly raised the β-carotene content in peels of the ripe fruits but not significantly (P>0.05) as compared with CK on 48 d or 55 d after the treatments,which was 6.69 mg·hg^-1 higher than CK with two-layer treatment at riping stage.[Conclusion] Bagging the peaches on trees cultivated on an orchard with the yellow-outside-and-black-inside paper pouches could increase glossiness and as well as the contents of α-carotene and β-carotene on the peels improving the appearance of the fruits.

[Objective] Etiology of the epidemic Muscovy duck-origin goose plague (MDGP) and genetic variation of the pathogenic parvovirus (MDGPV) in Fujian were studied.[Method] Clinic specimens from 30 suspected MDGP cases at the major duck breeding areas in Fujian were collected for the etiological detection, pathogen isolation, virus infection test, and gene fragment sequence analysis.[Result] On the 30 cases, 15 were confirmed to be MDGPV-positive. All isolated 15 MDGPV could cause death to the Muscovy duck embryos. The morbidity and mortality on the ducks from the viral infection were 60%-100% and 40%-60%, respectively. The nucleotide homology of VP1 gene of the MDGPV isolates was greater than 99.5%. The homology of the isolates with MDGPV-PT was higher than 96% with no deletion and insertion on the nucleobases or gene recombination. On the other hand, its homology with MDPV-P was less than 90%. The phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the 15 isolates belonged to the same branch as MDGPV-PT but differed from MDPV-P.[Conclusion] The pathogenicity and gene sequence of the MDGPV strain prevalent in 2018 and those of the MDGPV-PT isolated in 1998 were similar with no apparent mutations. The biological and genomic characteristics of the MDGPV isolates seemed stable with little genetic variation throughout the years.

[Objective] The present study aims to explore the effects of Bt rice on gut bacterial structure of the Nilaparvata lugens nymphae and to provide evidence for rational safety assessment of Bt rice.[Method] Gut bacteria from BPH feeding on non-transgenic rice (CK) and transgenic rice (Bt) were isolated using traditional culture methods, and were identified using 16s rDNA. The composition of isolates was compared between these two treatments.[Results] The results showed that seven bacterial strains were isolated from the gut of N. lugens feeding on either CK or Bt rice. Three phyla and five genera of the gut bacteria were identified from N. lugens feeding on CK rice, while two phyla and four genera of the gut bacteria from N. lugens feeding on Bt rice. The taxa of bacteria identified from the guts of N. lugens either feeding on CK rice or Bt rice were Proteobateria (including the genus of Pantoea) and Firmicutes (including the genus of Staphylococcus). Herbaspirillum Acinetobacter and Microbacterium were specific genera from the CK treatment, while Enterobacter, and Burkholderia from the Bt treatment.[Conclusion] The composition of culturable bacteria in the N. lugens gut was different beween the CK treatment and the Bt treatment. The findings provide an important foundation for further studies on the function of symbiotic bacteria in N. lugens, and the effects of transgenic rice on the gut bacteria of non-target species.

[Objective] To determine the optimal reaction conditions and primers for the inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) PCR in analyzing isolates of Exserohilum turcicum, a pathogen of the northern corn leaf blight in Fujian.[Method] Conditions for the ISSR-PCR amplification including Taq polymerase dosage,concentrations of dNTPs, Mg²⁺ and template DNA and reaction cycle as well as annealing temperatures for selected primers were optimized using a single-factor method.[Result] For a 25 μL ISSR-PCR genetic diversity analysis on E. turcicum, the following conditions were applied:0.55 U of Taq polymerase, 0.30 mmoL·L^-1 of dNTPs, 1.30 mmoL·L^-1 of Mg²⁺, 100 ng of template DNA, and 10 pmol of primer under 94℃ for 4 min followed by 35 cycles of 45 s at 94℃, 45 s at 51.2-56.0℃, and 1.5 min at 72℃, and finally, at 72℃ for 10 min. Ten stable, polymorphic primers, i.e., UBC117, UBC118, UBC808, UBC835, UBC847, UBC855, UBC856, UBC857, UBC866, and UBC887, were selected from 56 ISSR primers, with their optimized annealing temperatures determined to be 55.6, 53.1, 51.2, 51.2, 56.0, 53.1, 53.1, 51.2, 51.2, and 51.2℃, respectively. Regardless of their geographical origins, the 21 E. turcicum isolates differed on DNA polymorphism indicating an abundance on genetic diversity among them.[Conclusion] The optimized ISSR-PCR reaction conditions and primers could be applied for genetic studies on E. turcicum in Fujian.

[Objective] Thrips have become the main pests in mango trees. It is of great significance to use color sticky cards to monitor and control thrips in mango orchard, which can provide scientific basis for the control technology of thrips.[Method] The wavelength of reflection of color sticky cards was measured with spectrophotometric colorimeter, and the trapping effect of 10 different color sticky cards and the differences of hanging heights and hanging directions of color cards were compared.[Result] The results indicated that thrips in mango orchard significantly preferred blue color (466 nm),and the tapping effect was higher than other color trap cards, with an average amount of 154.6 head per card, follow by yellow (544 nm) and white (400 nm), with an average amount of 85.0 head per card and 51.8 head per card, respectively. There were also significant differences in the attraction effect with different hanging heights to thrips. The amount of thrips attracted by the trap cards with a height of 2 m was the largest (677.27 head per card), which was significantly higher than other treatments. However, the effect of different hanging directions on the attraction of thrips was not significant.[Conclusion] The blue card has the strongest trapping effect to mango thrips, and the hanging height is suggested to be 2 m.

[Objective] To establish a rapid and reliable detection method on Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV), a major pathogen that seriously affects the ornamental value of orchids.[Method] Primers were designed for the reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay from the conserved region in the coat protein (CP) gene of ORSV available in GenBank, and its reaction conditions optimized.[Result] Using the selected primer, RT-LAMP specifically identified ORSV but not Cymbidium mosaic virus (CyMV), Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), Freesia mosaic virus (FreMV) or Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). The sensitivity of the assay was 10 times higher than that of RT-PCR, while identical in positive rate on test of 20 specimens. Furthermore, the amplification products of the newly developed method could be visually inspected using SYBR Green I without gel electrophoresis.[Conclusion] The RT-LAMP assay was considered a specific, sensitive, and rapid method for ORSV detection.

[Objective] To search for wood-rotting fungi that are highly effective in producing ligninolytic enzymes(LMLs), such asLac, MnP, and LiP.[Methods] Nine strains of wood-rotting fungi with known ability to produce LMLs were screened and their biological characteristics studied.[Results] The strains with high capacity of generating LMLs and their yields on each of the LMLs were found to be:LS136 (yielding Lac at 0.18 U·L^-1, LiP at 109.68 U·L^-1, and MnP at 140.38 U·L^-1), LJ485 (yielding Lac at 136.99 U·L^-1, LiP at 9.53 U·L^-1, and MnP at 72.05 U·L^-1), and LJ496 (yielding Lac at 163.39 U·L^-1, LiP at 9.50 U·L^-1, and MnP at 74.36 U·L^-1). The optimum growth temperature for the 3 fungal strains was approximately 25℃, and pH ranged 4 to 8. The strains were all highly tolerant to Cr³⁺ or Pb²⁺ at concentrations of 0-8 mmoL·L^-1 and Cu²⁺ at 0-4 mmoL·L^-1. At the concentrations between 1-4 mmoL·L^-1, Cr³⁺ promoted the growth of LJ485 and LJ496.[Conclusion] The identified LS136 was thought to be a Stereum sp., LJ485 identified as Trametes versicolor, and LJ496 considered an Antrodiella sp.. They all demonstrated varying capacities of producing LMLs with a tolerance to heavy metals. The information would be useful for further investigation on the utilization of these lignin degrading fungi.

[Objective] An endophytic fungus from its symbiotic Dendrobium officinale plant was identified and studied for its effect on the morphology of the host.[Method] The fungus was isolated from the disinfected roots of a wild D. officinale plant grown on top of Mt. Guanzhai in Liancheng county. It was further purified on a PDA medium and labeled as T11 to be identified by morphological and 5.8 SrDNA-ITS molecular biological methods. After a 7 d-culture in a shaking flask, the inoculated liquid was added to the aseptically potted seedlings of D. officinale. Growth of the seedlings was observed for 6 months.[Result] The milky white T11 colonies on the PDA plate had concentric rings on them. The T11 mycelial cells were binucleate, septate, and elliptical in shape. It was preliminarily identified as an Epulorhiza sp., an asexual plastic film fungus of Tulasnella calospora. Subsequently, the 5.8SrDNA-ITS sequence amplified from the DNA extracted from T11 as template showed the PCR fragment to be 630bp in length. The sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree clustered T11 in the same branch as the T. calospora of Cymbidium, with a 99% genetic homology. With the T11 inoculation, the D. officinale seedlings grew well with significantly increased plant height, leaf count, and leaf width.[Conclusion] The morphological and molecular biological characteristics of T11 indicated it to be an Epulorhiza sp., the Basidiomycetes of orchidaceae mycorrhizal fungi, which is known to enhance the growth of D. officinale.

[Objective] The polysaccharides extracted from Sargassum fusiforme with different ethanol volume were studied.[Method] Polysaccharides were extracted from S.fusiforme using an acid solution, then precipitated with different volume fractions of ethanol. The resulting extract was analyzed for its physicochemical properties, monosaccharide composition, molecular weight, structural characteristics, functional group identification, spatial conformation, apparent morphology, and rheological properties using ultraviolet spectrophotometer, precolumn derivatization-reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography, GPC-MALLs, FT-IR, SEM, and Huck MARS Ⅲ rheometer. The antioxidant activity of the extracts, including the oxygen radical absorption capacity and DPPH· and ABTS· scavenging ability, were determined.[Result] Extracts, SFP-50 and SFP-70, were found to contain higher contents of sugar, sulfate and uronic acid than the other samples. All 5 extracts contained mannose, glucose, glucuronic acid, galactose, arabinose, and fucose but differed in ratio, with fucose being the highest at about 50% of them combined. The molecular weights of SFP-40, SFP-50, SFP-60, SFP-70, and SFP-80 were estimated to be 97.63, 90.51, 97.19, 81.52, and 90.93 kDa, respectively. The Congo red assay showed that the polysaccharides had a triple helical structure. The solution of the extracts was non-Newtonian fluid with elasticity. The scanning electron microscopy images showed an uneven, loose and porous surface. All samples had varying degrees of oxygen radical absorption capacity and DPPH· and ABTS· scavenging ability.[Conclusion] The volume fraction employed for the ethanol precipitation affected the physicochemical properties, monosaccharide composition, and molecular weight as well as the antioxidant activity, but not the conformation, microstructure or rheological properties, of the polysaccharides obtained.

[Objective] The antioxidant enzyme activities and respond mechanism of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) under acid and/or aluminum stresses were investigated.[Method] A pot experiment was conducted to determine the MDA content and SOD, POD, CAT, and PPO activities in one-year-old leaves of Chinese fir seedlings under the stress for 15, 30 or 45 d. At the rate of 0.24 g·kg^-1, AlCl₃ 6H₂O was applied to the pots to simulate an aluminum stress, a pH 4.0 acid solution added to simulate an acid stress, and the combination of the two incorporated to simulate an acid-aluminum stress.[Result] Without the presence of acid or aluminum, the potted seedlings had a low content of MDA in the leaves. However, the addition of acid, aluminum or acid-aluminum combination induced excessive accumulation of MDA with the severities ranking as acid-aluminum stress > aluminum stress > acid stress. The addition also raised the POD and SOD activities in leaves with a rank of acid-aluminum stress > acid stress > aluminum stress, and the CAT and PPO activities in the order of acid-aluminum stress > aluminum stress > acid stress. A prolonged treatment caused an initial increase on the POD and SOD activities followed by a decline; and on the CAT activity similarly under the aluminum or acid-aluminum stress but a steady increase under the acid stress; whereas, a gradual increase on the PPO activity under any of the 3 treatments.[Conclusion] The acid, aluminum or acid-aluminum stress affected the POD, SOD, CAT and PPO activities in the leaves to varying extents and raised MDA accumulation in the leaves of Chinese fir seedlings. There appeared to be a synergistic effect on the activities between acid and aluminum. But alone, the acid stress exerted a greater effect on POD and SOD than did aluminum, whereas, aluminum seemed to be a more formidable adversary than acid for the seedlings on CAT and PPO.

[Objective] The hydrothermal dynamics of soil at sugarcane fields in Guangxi province was studied under different tillage methods to provide information for effective utilization of the natural resource.[Method] The moisture content and temperature of soil in the depths of 5, 20 and 40 cm under two tillage methods were monitored. Smash-ridging tillage (T) and no-tillage (NT) were applied in the sugarcane field at Lijian Research Station of Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Nanning. In addition to the basic properties, the temperature, thermal conductivity, and heat flux of the soil under the treatments were collected for analysis.[Result] The texture of the NT-treated soil invariably affected the temperature distribution at different depths to show it from high to low in the order of 5 cm > 40 cm > 20 cm with significant differences at P<0.05 (same level for the following). Whereas, when T was applied the texture was altered to cause the temperature ranking changed to 5 cm > 20 cm > 40 cm. During the time of this study, the thermal conductivity of the 5 cm and 20 cm soil under the T treatment was higher than that under NT. Compared to NT, T provided advantages on the infiltration, storage, and improved water distribution in the soil, leveling the thermal conductivities in various layers. Furthermore, varied precipitation significantly affected the heat flux in the 5-20 cm layer under NT more than T but less in the 20-40 cm layer. It indicated that the heat flux in the T-treated soil decreased gradually from the top to the deeper layers. On the other hand, in the NT-treated soil, it fluctuated greatly between the upper and lower layers with varied rain falls.[Conclusion] The smash-ridging tillage improved the texture and temperature distribution of the soil in the tested range with a more constant and predictable thermal conductivity and heat flux over no-tillage method.