This experimentation was designed to help understand the antigenic and immunogenic rules of Aeromonas hydrophila (Ah). Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed the ratios of the antibody titers of the rabbit anti-ZN1-outer membrane protein (OMP) serum to the expression product, Mah-TrxA, and the recombinant protein of thioredoxin and a major adhesion agent and ZN1-OMP to be 1∶3 200 and 1∶12 800, respectively; and the ratios of the antibody titers of the rabbit anti- Mah-TrxA serum to Mah-TrxA and ZN1-OMP to be 1∶12 800 and 1∶1 600, respectively.Carp epithelial tumor cells (EPC) were used to study the adhesion effect of different sources and serotypes of Ah to EPC, as well as the biological functions played by Mah-TrxA.The adhesion test indicated that Ah were separated from the fish, the serotypes were O∶Ah10501, O∶9, and O∶CQ-1; the adhesion rate of Ah to EPC was greater than 97%; ATCC7966 was separated from milk, the serotype was O∶1; and, the adhesion rate of ATCC7966 to EPC was 78.5%.The results indicated that Mah-TrxA and the rabbit anti-Mah-TrxA serum could significantly inhibit or block the bacterial adhesion to EPC.It suggested that the fusion protein expressed through genetic engineering techniques in Ah had similar antigenicity and immunogenicity as the wild strain, ZN1.

This paper reviews the research on the citrus disease,huanglongbing(HLB),in China since 1978.It covers the disease geographical distribution and damages,host plant,studies on the pathogen,diagnosis and detection,transmission and epidemic,as well as control of HLB.

Based on the morphological appearances and descriptions in literature,a simple and convenient method for identifying the sex of diamondback moth(DBM),Plutella xylostella(Linnaeus),was developed.The results showed that the sex of the first-and second-instar larvae was not easily distinguishable by naked eyes or optical microscopic observation.However,the male third-and fourth-instar larva showed a lighter colored fifth abdominal segment than that on the female counterparts.On the male pupae,a lump on each side of a short,longitudinal slip was visible near the gonopore on the 9^th abdominal segment.The female pupae had a long,longitudinal slip between the genital pore on the 8^th abdominal segment and the oviporus on the 9^th segment.The adult males had characteristic brown wings with a wavy edge on the posterior margin and a yorked abdominal end.The female adults,on the other hand,were lighter in color and bigger on body size than the males,and had their abdominal ends appeared round in shape.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) FJ-11A strain was isolated from piglets suffering from a severe diarrhea in a pig farm of Fujian Province using Vero cell.The PEDV ORF3 gene was obtained using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method according to the sequence download from the GenBank.The results showed that the ORF3 gene of the FJ-11A strain was 675 bp, encoding an open reading frame (ORF) with 224 amino acids.Compared with the ORF3 gene published previously in GenBank by DNAstar software, the ORF3 sequence of FJ-11A strain had the highest nucleotide homology at 99.3% with CPF1074 and PFF513, isolating in South Korea, and also had 97.8% homology with vaccine strain CV777. Based on genetic evolutionary, the PEDV strains which isolated in China were in the same phylogenetic relationship, whereas the candidate vaccine strains (attenuated DR13 and CV777) were in the other phylogenic lineage.

The physiological changes such as the active oxygen metabolism, photosynthesis, respiration and nitrogen metabolism of chilling stress plants and the methods of chilling resistance were introduced, some problems need to be further investigated in the area of plant chilling-resistance were put forward.

A clustered spikelets mutant(Cl-dz) controlled by single recessive gene was found in the progeny of a rice breeding material, its phenotype characteristic was that 2 or 3 spikelets cluster on the second stem in the shape of "W". Genetic analysis indicated that the trait was a recessive trait genetically controlled by single gene. The F₂ mapping population was constructed by hybridization between mutant Cl-dz and G46. And the gene Cl-dz was mapped between SSR markers, RM6036 and RM1340 in chromosome 6 of rice. The genetic distance was 3.6 cM and 7.0 cM, respectively.

Field experiments were conducted to study the effect of Monosodium Glutamate Organic Compound Fertilizer on planting cucumber.The yield and quality of cucumber and the content of free amino acid and microbe-carbon in soil were analyzed.Results showed that the mix application of chemicals and monosodium glutamate organic fertilizers increased the cucumber yield and improved the soil quality in available N、P、K,free amino acid and biologic-carbon.Compared with chemical fertilizer,mixed compound fertilizers increased the cucumber yield about 2.5%-7.9% and improved its qualities in the contents of Vc,soluble sugar and biologic-carbon for about 4.9%-19.6%,6.7%-25.5% and 26.7%-59.5%,respectively.Concomitantly,the nitrate content of the cucumber was decreased for 0.4%-12.8%.Total carbon content of microbial biomass correlated to the organic nitrogen applied to soil with monosodium glutamate fertilizer was fitted well with one dimensional linear equation.

The biological functions of PRs,localization and transportation in the plant tissues and cells, induction and expression of encoding genes and transgenic plants as well as the relationship between PRs and plant disease resistance were reviewed The respect on PRs and its application in disease-resistant breeding were also discussed in this paper.

The saccharification of cassava starch was studied by using dextrose equivalent as index. The effect of single factor was analyzed in the best efficiency of saccharification. Results showed that the proper value of the factor were for temperature 60 to 65℃, reaction time 105 to 115 min, enzyme level 1.5 to 2.5 mL, pH 3.5 to 4.5 and rotation rate in 180 rpm, respectively. However, the optimum parameters for saccharification were determined by orthogonal experiments as pH at 4.0, with enzyme of 2 mL·L^-1 and in which treated for 105 min at 65℃. Saccharification efficiency (DE) could reach to 105%.

Ecosystem service is vital for the survival of living beings on this planet. This paper reviews the recent domestic and foreign studies relating to the definition, content, methodologies, evaluation and research progress of the ecosystem services. Suggestions for further studies are also presented.

In recent years,the biological characteristics,kinetic factors and community ecology of endophytes have become the popular topics for bio-research. With the extension of the field of study and development of new methodologies,endophytic research has reached the areas of biological prevention and medical applications. This article describes the discovery and definition of endophytes,and discusses the future development and existing problems of endophytic research from the viewpoints of biodiversity,dynamics,research methodology,as well as the agricultural and medical applications.

On an appropriate medium,Fujian's Dendrobium candidum Wall.ex Lindl was studied for its seed germination,plantlet strength,rooting and transplantation.The results indicated that the seeds germinated well and quickly on the medium consisting of MS +sucrose 30 g·L^-1 +agar 7 g·L^-1.To strengthen the plantlet and encourage root formation,the best formulation was found to be 1/4MS +sucrose 40g·L^-1 +potato extract 100 mg·L^-1+agar 7g·L^-1.The transplanting survival rate,average number of new buds and average number of new buds that were longer than 3 cm could best be obtained when the mixture of sawdust and peat in the ratio of 1:2 was used for the plantlet transplantation.

With the strengthening of human activities, more and more zinc had enter soil system. This course included mining, urbanization, transportation, application of fertilizer and sewage sludge, etc. The soil Zinc pollution had threaten environment and human health, so soil pollution control and remediation was very important. Therefore, this paper reviews the research results on the content, pollution sources, nutrition and toxicity of Zinc. In this paper, harness approaches including engineering control, chemoremediation and bioremediation were summarized. Finally, this summary high lights existing problems of Zinc Pollution and Remediation of Soil System, meanwhile this paper suggests future directions for progress.

Banana bunchy-top virus (BBTV) has been purified from diseased banana tissues in Fujian province,China.The banana tissues are pulverized with liquid nitrogen in a coffee grinder.The extracts are clarified with chloroform-butanol,and concentrated by one cycle of differential centrifugation.The suspension of the pellets is further centrifuged on the top of two layer sucrose cushions with 10% and 30% concentrations.The particles in the cushions are collected, concentrated, resuspended and centrifuged on the top of 0 - 40 % sucrose density gradient.The virus particles in a UV-absorbing band on the uppper tube of the sucrose density gradient are further purified in a discontinuous density gradient of cesium sulfate and form a narrow visible band containing a large number of highly purified isometric virus with the diameter about 18 nm.The virus is able to be detected in the process of purification by ELISA with the monoclonal antibody a-gainst BBTV which provided from Taiwan University, and be trapped by ISEM from the clarified extract.The monoclonal antibody has been used to diagnose the field-growing banana samples and tissue culture seedlings.

This review was focused on the virulent and avirulent genes and the regulation of Ralstonia solanacearum pathogenicity. Ralstonia solanacearum had been described as a species-complex bacterium, therefore, many technology were applied to identify this bacterium. Meanwhile, the identification of R. solanacearum became more and more quick, convenient and sensitive. The genome of R.solanacearum strain had a size of 5.8 Mb with a high (G+C) content and a coding potential for approximately 5 120 proteins. It was organized in two replicons, a 3.7 Mb chromosome and a 2.1 Mb megaplasmid. The products of type III hrp section system, extrapolysaccharide, cell wall degrading enzymes such as pectinolytic and cellalolytic enzymes constituted were the major factors for the pathogenicity. All of these were mainly related to the hrp gene cluster, avr gene and virulence genes. The Type III secretion system (T3SS) and Type II secretion system (T2SS) that directly translocated effector proteins into the host cells were essential for the development of disease. Moreover, T2SS functionally interacts with T3SS. The virulence and pathogenicity genes of R. solanacearum were controlled by an elaborate sensory network. The system used PhcA concentration as a core to regulate the expression of pathogenic factors, and thus the growth status of bacteria.

A total of 18 isolates with general characteristics of Rhizobium were isolated from root nodules of Chinese milk vetch from different areas of Fujian. 16S rDNA sequence analysis was conducted on these bacteria with the purpose of determine the phylogenetic analyses. The result showed that YX、Z3、GZ and ZK1 were Mesorhizobium; B3、XZ、M6 were Mesorhizobium loti or varieties, ZLH2 was Xanthomonas, M3、M10、B4、B7、ZK7 and ZQH were Agrobacterium, B6、B5、B1 and Z1 were Rhizobium. For the purpose of investigate the nodulation performance of the identified bacterial, water culture and agar tube culture were applied between the part of identified rhizobial striains and milk vetch Minzi 1、Minzi 5、Minzi 6、Minzi 7 and 80410411. This study not only further elucidate the diversity of Chinese milk vetch rhizobium, but also provides a simple and feasible method to explore the differences in the ability of different rhizobium nodulation by contrast the different of nodulation with the agar tube culture and water culture.

Proteins encoded by MADS-box play an important role in regulating flower development.Since the monocot rice and the eudicot Arabidopsis are distantly related plant species,to compare the floral organ identity factors and their functions between the two species would help further understand the flower development of rice.

Flavonoids are one kind of the most important substance in citrus fruits. Extraction methods for flavonoids (solvent method, microwave method, enzyme decomposition method, supercritical fluid extraction method and ultrasonic extraction method) were summarized, as well as isolation-purification method for flavonoids (column chromatography method, thin layer chromatography method, macroporous resin adsorption method and high speed counter current chromatography method,) All these provided reference for the study of flavonoids from Citrus. These data may supply useful information to extraction and purification of flavonoids from the citrus fruits.

The genus Bacillus contains Gram-positive, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria that are able to produce bacterial endospores. Spores have a very strong resistance to heat, ultraviolet light, dry, ionizing radiation and a lot of toxic chemicals. As spore properties, Bacillus research has becoming more and more important. International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology (IJSEM), published by the Society for General Microbiology (SGM), is the leading forum for the publication of new taxa of bacteria and yeasts. The papers were mainly introduced references of Bacillus in IJSEM in the past ten years, and approached several desirable questions.

Cell biomass and pH of Geobacillus stearothermophilus CHB1 in culture medium were used as indices in the optimization study.The results indicated that different carbon and nitrogen sources significantly affected the microbial growth.By using orthogonal experimentation design,the optimal medium composition was obtained: 0.5% beef extract,0.9% soy peptone,0.2% NaCl,0.1% K₂HPO₄ and 0.075% KH₂PO₄.It was found that the biomass resulted from the newly formulated medium was ten times greater than that from the standard fermentation medium.

This article reviews the current progress on pesticide sample preparation and instrumental detection technologies in China and abroad.Methodologies discussed include ASE,SFE,SPE,SPME,MSPDE,MAE,ME,GPC,chromatographic,spectrometry and its associated techniques,capillary electrophoresis and biosensors.The developmental trends in the analytical field of study and applications are also presented.

The temperature range for Pestalotiopsis eriobotryfolia growth was 10-30℃, the optimum temperature was 20-25℃.The pathogen grew well on the media using sucrose, lactose and glucose as carbon sources and using peptone, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate and potassium nitrate as nitrogen sources;sucrose and glucose as carbon sources and potassium nitrate as nitrogen sources were suitable for the sporulation of the pathogen However,ammonium sulfate as nitrogen source was not beneficial for the growth of the pathogen, urea as nitrogen source could inhibite the growth of the pathogen completely.50% Sporgon WP, 50% carbendazim WP, 68% carbendazim·mancozeb WP and 50% carbendazim·sporgon WP (100 mg·L^-1,10 mg·L^-1 and 1.0 mg·L^-1) could inhibite effectually the growth and sporulation of pathogen.In the field, the results showed that control efficiencies of 50% carbendazim·sporgon WP 100 kg·hm^-2 was the best,up to 93.27%; the next one was 68% carbendazim·mancozeb WP 2.50 kg·hm^-2,and its control efficiencies was 80.34%.

Rice false smut is one of the most serious diseases on rice worldwide. This paper reviews the recent achievements in the research on its occurrence, distribution, pathogen’s biological characteristic, infection, and circulation. Also included are the selection of disease resistant materials and resistant gene mapping, as well as the existing problems and direction of further studies on the disease.

Effects of 18 different luffa stocks on main agronomic traits, yield and quality of balsam pears were studied. The results showed that luffa stocks affected the survival rate, first female flower position and elongating rate of the main plant, as well as the female flower’s section rate and the basal stem diameter. They also significantly impacted the yield of balsam pears. Other than that, no significant variations were found on the main agronomic characteristics and fruit appearance of the 6 selected luffa stocks. However, the basal stem diameter was found to be significantly larger than that on the self-rooted balsam pears. The quality evaluation indicated that the grafted balsam pears were higher in protein content and lower in vitamin C than the self-rooted balsam pears, but no significant difference among different stocks. Overall, the Stock-6 (Silver Stock 1) and Stock-14 (Silver Stock 2) were recommended for the balsam pear rootstock.

Toxicities of 20 fungicides and co-toxicities between propiconazole or azoxystrobin and difenoconazole on Phomopsis asparagi were determined by the pathogen's mycelium growth rates under treatments. The results showed that prochloraz, difenoconazole, epoxiconazole, tebuconazole, chlorothalonil and thiabendazole had higher toxicities among all, with prochloraz being the strongest showing an EC₅₀ of 0.035 5 mg·L^-1. Mancozeb, hymexazol, thiram, pyrimethanil, jinggangmycin, copper calcium sulphate and oligosaccharin were not as potent. The co-toxicity efficient (CTC) between difenoconazole and propiconazole (1:1) was 123.42, suggesting existence of synergism. The synergisms between difenoconazole and azoxystrobin, on the other hand, were reflected by the CTCs of 164.17, 132.91 and 141.91 when their mixing ratios were 8:5, 1:5 and 1:8, respectively.

The gB,gC,and gD genes of Pseudorabies Virus(PRV) Fa strain were cloned and sequenced.The nucleotide sequence and its deduced amino acid sequence were analyzed using computer programs.The results revealed that the gB,gC,and gD genes were 2745 bp,1464 bp,and 1215 bp long encoding corresponding to proteins 914,487,and 404 amino acids,respectively.The sequence of nucleotides and predicated amino acids were compared with those of other published PRV strains.The results showed that gB,gC,and gD gene nucleotide sequence homology was 94.9%-99.9%,while the amino acid sequence homology was 91.4%-99.9%.The gB,gC,and gD gene shared highly conserved nucleotides among PRV strains.The molecular phylogenetic tree,based on these three genes,showed that the Chinese PRV isolates and the Korean PRV isolate could be grouped into one evolution branch,while the European and American PRV isolates and the Japanese PRV isolate could belong to another branch.In the former branch,the PRV strains Ea and Fa are so closely related to one another that the homology of these three genes were all above 99.5%.The gB proteins of the Chinese PRV isolates(Ea strain and Fa strain) had an amino acid residue more than the European and American isolates and amino acid substitutions happened primarily in the amino acid residues 50 to 100.In the 186-211 nucleotide sites of gC gene,Ea strain and Fa strain had 21 nucleotides more insertion compared to the European and American isolates.The gD proteins of Ea strain and Fa strain were 2-6 amino acids residues more than other strains.For Fa strain,the tandem repetition number of nucleotides AGGCCC in the gD nucleotides 803 to 837 added up to seven,which was the most among all PRV strains.

The toxicity of 10 pesticides and field control efficacy of 4 systemic pesticides to Diaphorina citri were tested with dipping and root pouring respectively for effectively controlling the citrus psylla. The result of indoor determination showed that, after 24h treatment, the toxicity of pesticides against Diaphorina citri in LC₅₀ of lambda-cyhalothrin and decamethrin was 2.116 and 3.030 mg·L^-1, respectively, which were higher than it of Pymetrozine, spirotetramat and Imidacloprid. The lowest toxicity was pymetrozine with LC₅₀ 2 025.489 mg·L^-1. Though the effect of 4 systemic pesticides controlling citrus psylla in the field was low in short term with root pouring treatment, the control effects of 10% nitenpyram AS 2 000 times、70% imidacloprid WG 14 000 times and 7 000 times were maintained at 87% during the 14-28 d of the treatment and even reached higher than 97% 28 days after treatments.

Breeding of the 152 rice varieties that were examined and approved during 2001 and 2010 in Fujian mainly involved with sterile lines and varieties with good comprehensive traits.Our analysis indicated that: There were 133 three-line-hybrid combinations(i.e.,87.5% of total),13 two-line-hybrid combinations(i.e.,8.6%),6 conventional new varieties(i.e.,3.9%),and the three-line method remained to be the major breeding method for rice;Of 146 hybrid rice combinations,55 sterile lines were used,among which three-line-sterile lines were 47(i.e.,85.5%),two-line-sterile lines were 8(i.e.,14.5%),and each of the 8 sterile lines,such as II-32 A,Long Tefu A,Gang 46A,D62A,GufengA,TianfengA,Jin23A,SE21S,etc.,was applied to make over 5 hybrid rice combinations,which were the major sterile lines in the province;and According to the established criteria,the yield of a newly bred variety should at least increase by 6%,its resistance to rice blast be above moderate level,the rice quality be equal or better than the third-class eating Indica rice standard issued by the Department of Agriculture,and its amylose content be 15%-20%;by comparing to CK,there were 10 varieties,i.e.,IIyoushen98,Leyou 94,eIIyou 315,IIyou 039,Minfengyou 3301,Qiuyou 125,Yuyou No.1,Jiangyouming 62,Liangyouhang No.2,Jinnon 2 you 3,etc.,that met three of the criteria,and only Jinnon 2 you 3 met all four criteria.These varieties,due to their great yield potential and high economic values,could be recommended for large-scale plantation.

It's important to study the mechanisms of the rice floral development,because the rice floral organs provides the basis of the rice grain formation.We found a rice floral organ mutant from tissue culture mutation generations,called function of reproductive organ(fro1(t)).The floret shape of fro1(t) mutant is similar to that of tiny green capsicum with a couple of distorted lemma and palea,but the spekelets cannot bloom even though after heading;the glumes almost degenerated and lodicules are homeotically transformed into leaf-like organ;stamen had a distorted and enlarged filament,and the anter also showed a distorted surface yet without any pollen;the number of stamen is 2-6,and noticely some of that are homeotically transformed into pistil-like organ with stigmas-like structure on the top;the ovary showed a nomal development,but most of styles cause a fusion with 3-4 stigmas.By SEM we found that the gene regulates the determination of the floral meristem and specification of floral organ identity.We carried out fine mapping of the gene responsible for the mutated trait.The result showed that the mutated trait was located on the long arm of rice chromosome 8 between the marker InDel0802 and RM23432,with genetic distance of 0.58 cM and 1.3 cM respectively.All the above suggests that the FRO1(t) gene may be a novel gene which regulates all whorls of floral organs in rice.Study of FRO1(t) will support a key evidence to uncover the molecular mechanisms of the rice floral development.

Soil organic carbon is an important component of the global carbon cycle,and it has direct effects on the global carbon balance.Orchard is an important part of the land use pattern, the area of which accounted for 1.15% of the total land area in China.The research on soil organic carbon sequestration in orchards is an important scientific basis to accurately evaluate carbon sequestration potential of terrestrial ecosystems.This paper reviews the research results on the soil labile and stabile organic carbon, with the focus on the dynamics of their fractions in separation, content and allocation proportion under different land use type.Effects of climatic factors, soil texture, fertilizer, farming, surface cover and human trampling on soil organic carbon pool are analyzed, respectively.Finally, this summary highlights existing problems of soil organic carbon stock on orchard ecosystem and suggests future directions for progress together with some future topics for research.

According to quality and safety issues for the mushroom industry, combined with cloud platforms, two-dimensional code recognition technology, mobile internet and other modern information technologies, the cloud platform of mushroom quality traceability was constructed based on the Mushroom GAP and other mushroom production safety-related technical regulations. In this paper, the platform's main framework and operational processes was described, and then the module functions, business logic, coding rules were elaborated.

Effects of pH,light intensity and temperature on the growth and root formation of Dendrobium officinale cultivated in vitro were studied.Results showed that the height,rate of root formation and fresh weight of D.officinale were affected significantly by light intensity and temperature(P<0.05);and that the root formation and fresh weight were significant affected by pH(P<0.05),but not on the plantlet height.The optimal conditions for the growth and root formation of D.officinale were: pH 5.4 at 25℃ with the light intensity of 1500 lx.

Based on the excellent property in safety, nontoxicity and physicochemical unique, gellan gum has been widely used in industrial production with strong potential in market competition.This paper gives a review about the structure、physical and chemical characteristics, biosynthesis pathway of the gellan gum, its fermentation and application in food industry.In addition, a brief introduction in regarding to the development of gellan gum industry in china was also mentioned.

Content of levodopa (L-Dopa) in different parts and by different drying methods of the broad bean seedlings was determined by means of HPLC.And, the changes in the content during germination and seedling growth were also observed.The results showed that (a) the changes during germination were similar for the three varieties tested - decreased initially followed by sub sequent increase; (b) unlike sprouts, the seedlings showed an initial increase in L-Dopa followed by a decline: (c) L-Dopa content in seedlings of different broad bean varieties varied from 4.39% to 7.64%, with the highest content found in the variety C205 (which was 0.74 times greater than the lowest); and (d) L-Dopa in the broad bean seedlings was the highest, followed by the roots, and then, the cotyledon.When dried at 60℃,the L-Dopa content in the broad bean seedlings was only 55.36% of that in those at 100℃,indicating a significant L-Dopa reduction due to low processing temperature.

The results of soil fertility of 122 soil samples from Nanjing, Xiangcheng, Pinghe and Changtai Counties were as follow; pH of 90.98% of soil was lower than 5.5 and the soils were acid, available N content in 55.74% of soil samples were lower than 100 mg·kg^-1, available K content in 20.49% of soil samples were lower than 80 mg·kg^-1, exchangable Ca content in 52.46% of soil samples were lower than 2.5 cmol(+)·kg^-1, exchangable Mg content in 38.52% of soil samples were lower than 0.4 cmol(+)·kg^-1,available B content in all soil samples were lower than 0.5 mg·kg^-1. Based on the data, measures of soil fertilization, reasonable fertilizing and remending practice of deficiency symptom were put forward.

Ameliorating effect of biochar in varying concentrations (i.e., 0, 8, 16, 32 and 64 t hm^-2) on acidity of tea garden soils were studied in field trials. The results showed that, as compared with CK (no added biochar), the soil pH increased by 0.19-1.72, the soil exchangeable acid decreased by 0.79-3.96 cmol·kg^-1, the soil base saturation increased by 20.98-173.67%, and the soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) increased by 0.80-2.46 cmol·kg^-1 on the 0-20 cm layer of the soils. On the other hand, in the 20-40 cm layer of the soils, the pH of the treatment samples increased by 0.05-0.61, the soil exchangeable acid decreased by 0.20-2.14 cmol·kg^-1,the soil base saturation increased by 27.72-56.51%, and the soil CEC increased by 0.57-1.12 cmol·kg^-1. It appeared that the soil ameliorating effect increased with increasing biochar addition. The increase was particularly significant in the 0-20 cm than the 20-40 cm layer of the soils. The yield of the fresh tea leaves was changed 6.61%, 5.62%, -0.11% and -0.77% by the addition of biochar at the rates of 8, 16, 32 and 64 t·hm^-2, respectively. However, no significant differences (P>0.05) on tea yields between the treatments and control was found.

Sapindus mukorossi is a deciduous arbor of the soapberry family, Sapindaceae. It has numerous applications and is widely distributed in Southern China, Taiwan and Southeast Asia. To further promote its industrialization and R&D, this article summarizes recent progress on the germplasm resource, genetic diversity, cultivation, forest planting, as well as the saponin and seed oil separation and extraction technology of S.mukorossi. Moreover, recommendations for further studies on breeding, propagation, saponin biotechnology and oil extraction are presented.

With the availability of polyphasic taxonomical method,functions of chemical and molecular taxonomy have become increasingly important in the taxonomy of Bacillu s genus.This article summarizes the applications and effect of various Bacillus classification methodologies in the field.

1059 serum samples from 40 swine farms of vaccination with PRRSV vaccine and 683 serum samples from 24 swine farms of non-vaccination with PRRSV vaccine were collected to determine antibody level of PRRSV with IDEXX PRRSV antibody ELISA Kit.Positive rate,coefficient variation(CV)and Sample/Positive(S/P)were analyzed.The result showed that in vaccinated pig farms,883 of 1059 serum samples were positive of PRRSV antibody,average positive rate and CV were 83.4% and 67.1,respectively;S/P of 44 serum samples was higher than 2.5,accounting for 4.2%.In non-vaccinated pig farms,290 of 683 serum samples were positive of antibody of PRRSV,average positive rate and CV were 42.5% and 87.4,respectively;S/P of 74 serum samples was higher than 2.5,accounting for 10.1%.The results indicated that non-vaccinated pig farms have been infected by PRRSV.Average positive rate of PRRSV antibody is higher in vaccinated pig farms than in non-vaccinated pig farms.Simultaneously,CV and S/P in vaccinated pig farms decreased obviously compared to non-vaccinated pig farms.It is concluded that vaccination with PRRSV vaccine is one of better ways to control PRRS.

Electroantennogram(EAG)was employed to record the electrophysiolog ical responses of the diamondback moth(DBM)adult to crucifer of nine volatiles.The results showed higher EAG responses of DBM to six carbon alcohol and aldehyde were displayed,such as 1-hexanol,hexanal,trans-2-hexen-1-al.However,the weaker EAG responses of DBM to terpenes such as(1R)-(+)-α-pinene,α-terpinene,(+)-3-carene,1,8-cineole and d-limonene were displayed.The EAG responses were enhanced with the increase in concentration,of 1-hexanol,hexanal,trans-2-hexen-1-al,heptanal,α-terpinene and d-limonene respectively.The EAG response to(1R)-(+)-α-pinene,(+)-3-carene and 1,8-cineole were decreased at first and then increased to the maximum with increasing concentrations.The highest EAG response in female was to trans-2-hexen-1-al and the EAG relative value was approximately 331%,and that in male was to 1-hexanol and the EAG relative value was approximately 298%.The maximal differences of EAG relative values of DBM responding to the same concentration of volatiles were no more than two fold.

To determine appropriate harvest season for making high-quality wine,the grape of "Gui-pu No.1" grown in Fu’an,Fujian was studied in its brewing characteristics and nutritive properties.Results showed that the maximum total sugar content in grape observed on 10th-August and followed with slightly decreasing in 5 days after,which concomitant with the ratio of sugar to acid reaching the peak in 20.4 and maintained at 20.0.It suggests that the appropriate harvest season for brewing of "Gui-pu No.1" grape is in mid-August at Fu′an.Brewing with Saccharomyces cerevisiae JP2,the wine appeared particularly in colorful,aromatic and denseness.The content of total flavonoids,proanthocyanidins and resveratrol in wine were 2 362.5 mg·L^-1,3 767.1 mg·L^-1 and 4.8 mg·L^-1,respectively.Thirteen different phenolic monomers were identified in wine made from "Gui-pu No.1".Comparing with a market wine,"Gui-pu No.1" wine was found richer in the content and component of phenolic monomers.Results indicated that "Gui-pu No.1" grape is a high-quality variety to brew a fine wine.

This paper introduced a method that based on the reaction of primary amino groups with o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) for determining the hydrolytic degree of cottonseed protein.Neutral protease was used to hydrolyze cottonseed protein and the degree of hydrolysis (DH) was compared with three assay methods, i.e.o-phthaldialdehyde method, formaldehyde titration method and ninhydrin colorimetric method.Comparing with formaldehyde titration and ninhydrin colorimetric methods, results showed that OPA method performed more accurate and faster in analyzing, easier to handle, repeatable in results and friendly for environment.It is recommended that OPA method is an appropriate method for evaluating in hydrolytic degree of cottonseed protein.

The resistance evaluation of 15 rice new varieties to rice false smut and rice neck blast disease was tested in Fujian Province by using methods of artificial injected inoculation in greenhouse and natural inducing in field, respectively. The evaluation results of rice resistance to false smut in greenhouse showed that 3 varieties were middle resistance (MR), such as ‘FJZD10-5’,‘FJZD10-8’, 4 varieties for middle sensibility (MS) and 8 varieties for sensibility (S). However, the results of rice resistance to false smut in field showed 11 varieties for middle resistance (MR), such as ‘FJZD10-2’,‘FJZD10-3’, and 4 varieties for middle sensibility (MS). The evaluation results of rice resistance to neck blast in field showed that 7 varieties were middle resistance (MR), such as ‘FJZD10-6’,‘FJZD10-7’, and 4 varieties for middle sensibility(MS) and 4 varieties for sensibility (S). The frequency of rice varieties co-infected by rice false smut and neck blast in tested field of Jianyang,Ninghua and Fu'an were 100%, 73.33% and 73.33% respectively. Among the 15 rice varieties, no any variety showed resistance to both rice false smut and neck blast disease.

The high resistant starch rice, Gongmi 3, a typical Japonica rice, Nipponbare, and Indica rice 9311 were selected to study the cooking and pH effect on their starches. The results showed that the resistant starch content decreased in the order of no cooking>cooking and overnight-holding>cooking. A significant difference existed between no cooking and the other two. The pH effect on the resistant starch content was pH 5.2 > pH 6.0 > pH 6.9. A significant difference was shown between pH 5.2 and the others, but no difference was found between pH 6.0 and pH 6.9. Among the three rice varieties, the resistant starch content decreased in the order of Gongmi 3>9311>Nipponbare. When the pH of the starch hydrolysis buffer was 6.0, cooking seemed to induce the minimal change in the resistant starch content of the rice. The results were also reproducible with minor differences between the replicates.

This paper reviews the effects of N,P,K and micronutrients on peanut's physiological characteristics,yield and quality.It also disscusses the relationship between biotechnology and fertilization,as well as current issues and directions for future studies in the areas of fertilizing technique,fertilizers,breeding and cropping systems.In the area of fertilizing,scientific applications should be emphysized for future studies.New and existing fertilizers applied should be scrutinized with careful evaluation.In the breeding of peanuts,diversification of selection and search for new varieties should be focussed.On the development of cropping systems,the environmental and ecological conditions and requirements of a specific locality should be considered with high priority.

Electroantennogram (EAG) technique is an electrophysiological method which directly to detect insect responses to chemical signal, and has been widely used in the antenna responses of Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, etc to semichemicals. This article described briefly the theory, basic structure and development of EAG, experimental attentions and limitations of the EAG technique, all of which aiming to provide a clear thinking for studying electrophysiological behavior and to make some help for solving the problems.

The responses and optimum application rate of NPK fertilizer for the Chinese cabbage were studied by conducting field experiments.The results showed that the average contribution rate of soil fertility to the Chinese cabbage productivity was 47.4%.The Chinese cabbages that received N,P and K increased their yields by 41.26%,14.90% and 25.53%,respectively,on the average.In other words,the effectiveness on productivity improvement was N>K>P.The output/input ratios on N,P and K were 13.8,13.2 and 9.7,respectively.N fertilizer had a higher output/input ratio than P or K fertilization when the soil fertility was low.On the other hand,the P and K had higher output/input than N in the soil of high fertility.The recommended application rates of NPK for the Chinese cabbages were found to be N 232.0 kg·hm^-2,P₂O₅70.5 kg·hm^-2 and K₂O 209.6 kg·hm^-2,or 1:0.3:0.9 in proportion.The predicted output was 33308.7 kg·hm^-2.

Effect and recommended NPK fertilization for mustard green were studied with field experimentations.Thirty tests were conducted and the results showed that the average rate of soil fertility contributed to the mustard yield was merely 26.3%.The effect of yield increase by individual fertilizers was 55.5%, 14.1% and 15.3% for the applied N, P and K, respectively.The fertilization benefits as shown by the output/input ratios were 36.9 and 21.3 and 12.2 for N, P and K, respectively.The result indicated that there was a remarkable effect on yield with the applied fertilizers.Maximum yield was achieved by using Olsen-P and available K at the rate of 42 mg·kg^-1 and 88 mg·kg^-1, respectively.Optimal application rate and NPK proportion varied for soils of different fertilities.On average, the application rates for the soil of "high fertility grade" were N 315 kg·hm^-2,P₂O₅ 85 kg·hm^-2 and K₂O 146 kg·hm^-2; those for the soil of"medium fertility grade" were N 348 kg·hm^-2, P₂O₅ 127 kg·hm^-2 and K₂O 196 kg·hm^-2; and, those for the soil "low fertility grade" were N 319 kg·hm^-2, P₂O₅ 146 kg·hm^-2 and K₂O 241 kg·hm^-2.The regression equations between the available NPK in soil and fertilizer application rate were established to facilitate proper fertilization according to soil testing results.

A non-T-DNA insertion spotted leaf mutant W1764 was identified in a transgenic offspring of rice(Oryza sativa L.)indica cv.Minghui86.The spot phenotype was first appearing at the tip part of the lowest leaf at late stage of tillering.As the plant growing,the spot spread from tip part to the whole leaves from lower leaves to the upper ones.When the mutant plant matured,the spot spread to the whole plant.Genetic analysis showed that the mutant phenotype was controlled by a single recessive gene.F² population build up with mutant W1764 and hybrid rice varieties 02428,and the 136 mutant phenotypes were used for gene targeting,we mapped the mutant gene in 1.9 cM interval between DNA marker NSSR1229 and L05-78 on the long arm of chromosome 12.We temporarily named the gene as spotted leaf 30(t)[spl30(t)].

Three virus strains were isolated from the diseased layers that experienced abrupt reduction in egg-laying in different regions.These isolated viruses could cause SPF chick-embryo and Muscovy duck-embryo to die with hemorrhage in embryo-livers.Healthy egg-producing layers inoculated with these isolates showed symptoms similar to that of the field cases,and the same viruses could be reisolated.These isolates could proliferate in MDEF causing cytopathic effect.They showed no haemagglutination activity,were sensitive to chloroform and ether,and resisted to FUDR.PCR and IFA screening indicated that the isolates were negative to avian fluvirus,Newcastle Disease Virus,egg-laying-reduction syndrome virus,infectious bronchitis virus,infectious laryngotracheitis virus,duck reovirus,duck parvovirus,infectious bursal disease virus and goose parvovirus;but positive to flavivirus.The nucleotide sequence from the isolates had greatly homogeneity with duck flavivirus isolates.These results indicated that the isolates were the viruses causing the layer′s reduction in egg-laying in recent years,and that they belonged to the genus,Flavirirus.

This paper reviews the recent research progress in China and abroad on the pool size, composition and eco-functions of the soluble organic nitrogen (SON) in soil in the forestry ecosystem.The SON content in forest soil varied with soils, forest types, climate conditions and analytical methods.The soil SON content in the mineral layer is generally between 1 mg·kg^-1 and 87 mg·kg^-1.It ranges from 23 mg·kg^-1 to 448 mg·kg^-1 in the organic layer.They account for 16%-96% of the total soluble nitrogen in the soil.Soil SON includes a mixture of nitrogenous compounds of different structure, including ammonia nitrogen, amino acids and ammonia sugar.Forest plants can utilize low molecular weight SON(such as artificial fertilization of amino acids).However, no evidence has been shown that the plants could directly absorb the natural SON in soil.Forest soil SON is a very important nitrogen source.It plays a significant role in the nitrogen cycle in the forestry ecosystem.Future research on forest soil SON should focus on chemical and biological properties of SON, dynamic characteristics of soil natural SON, nutritional functions of the natural SON in N-limited forestry ecosystem, eco-function evaluation of SON, impact of microorganisms on SON kinetics in the forest ecosystem and direct uptake of SON by forest plants.

As the black Muscovy for experimental material,the early bodyweight of different sexual black Muscovy from 0 to 10 weeks old were measured,in order to investigate the growth model in this study,three kinds of nonlinear models of Gompertz,Logistic and von Bertalanffy were used to fit the growth curve respectively.The results showed that black Muscovy grew slowly before age of 4 weeks,the growth rate accelerated significantly after age of 4 weeks,and reached the growth peak at age of 6 to 10 weeks.Compared with goodness of fit(R²),the results showed the growth curve could be well fitted with these three models and the R2 was above 0.99,but the Gompertz model had well closed to the actual observed values.Further more,the fitting parameters of Gompertz model between genders were compared,and the male black Muscovy showed higher initial weight,maximum bodyweight,and inflection point weight than female black Muscovy.The inflection age of male was 5.3 weeks and the female was 4.3 weeks.The Gompertz model equation for male and female black muscovy was W=3111.4[exp-4.4482exp(-0.2802t)] and W=2100.4[exp-4.1071exp(-0.3225t)] respectively.This study would help to understand the growth model and development of different sexual black Muscovy,and would provide the scientific basis for rational use of resources,breeding germplasm and selection in black Muscovy.

The nutrients and nutritive value of Arapaima gigas fillet were determined.The results showed that the protein and fat in the fresh muscles were 16.5% and 6.8%,respectively.The total content of 18 amino acids was 54.76%(dry weight),while 37.6% of which was the 8 essential amino acids.The ratio of essential amino acids to non-essential amino acids was 58.91%.The essential amino acids index was 65.7,with the first and second limiting amino acid being Met and Trp,respectively.The content of 4 flavoring amino acids was 22%.It contained 8.6% DHA and EPA.The unsaturated fatty acid made up 55.8% of the total fatty acids.The contents of minerals and trace elements were high,particularly,Ca(i.e.,3367 mg·kg^-1).

The strength of a rice stem is an important property that affects not only the plant's ability to resist lodging, but also its yield and quality. Commonly found, the rice's brittleness mutant could be used in breeding new grain-and-straw dual-purpose rice varieties. Since it can introduce cellulose-decrase, lignin-increase and/or nutrition-modification on rice plants, it is also important in the studies involving breeding rice for paper-making and forage. The source, formation mechanism, gene-mapping, cloning, functional research of the mutant, as well as its applications in breeding conventional transgenic and grain-and-straw dual-purpose rice are reviewed and discussed in this article.

The half-xyloid tender branches of loquat with 8-10cm long and 0.4-0.7cm in diameter were employed for cultage in the suitable seedbed after soaking the branches base in 200 ppm IBA or 200 ppm NAA for 3 hours 2ccording to varying varieties,respectively.The air temperature and humidity were retained in 20C-30 C and over 85%, respectively.The treatment of fine spray as well as other comprehensive techniques were used.2246 tender branches were cuttaged and the growing root was 91% in 45 days.The transplanting survival rate of these growing root seedlings was 99%.The remaining branches without growing roots were treated repeatly by 200 ppm IBA for half hour and the growing root rate were 88.0% after 30 days.The time of raising seedlings by tender branch was one year shorter than that by graftage.

The 2007-2009 production of 9 kinds major crops in Fujian was compared with that of other provinces in China based on the comprehensive comparative advantage indices.The results showed that(a) tea and tobacco had a significant comparative advantage;(b) vegetables,fruits and flowers were relatively advantageous;and(c) grains,oil,hemp and sugarcane did not enjoy any apparent advantages over the other provinces.

16 strains of Bacillus species isolated from soil were studied based on ITS sequences and fatty acids analysis. The accuracy rate of FA identification was 99%. Through biological software of SPSS and Mega cluster analysis, fatty acids were found to be better for Bacillus identification than ITS sequences. In this paper, we could make all the strains cluster together by FA, but ITS not. The major fatty acid of genus Bacillus was 15:0 ANTEISO and 15:0 ISO. The major FA ratio of three group were analyzed. Bacillus cereus group was special, its major FA was 15:0ISO,and 13:0ISO,but 15:0 ANTEISO had very lower profile. The ratio of 15:0ISO/15:0 ANTEISO in Bacillus cereus group was 5.6-7.9. The ratio of 15:0ISO/15:0 ANTEISO in Bacillus simplex group was 1/6. The ratio of 15:0ISO/15:0 ANTEISO in Bacillus megaterium was 4/5-5/4,strain FJAT-4500 was Bacillus pumilus,the ratio of15:0ISO/15:0 ANTEISO was 2. Bacillus pumilus was owed to Bacillus megaterium for similar ratio of 15:0ISO/15:0 ANTEISO, but the couple had different fatty acid profiles. The profile of 15:0ISO was lower than 15:0 ANTEISO in Bacillus subtilis group, and ratio was 1/3-2/3.

Focusing on the organic tea cultivation,t his paper reviews the relevant literature,introduces the production system,and analyzes its effects on the fertility,microorganisms,enzyme activities and animals of the plantation soil.Recommendations for further research are presented.

Flavanoids, anthocyanins, carotenoids and vitamins contained in fruits have been considered as important functional compounds mainly for their biological actives in antioxidants, free radical scavenger, cancer prevention, anti-inflammation and anti-anaphylaxis.In this article, the content and composition of the compounds were compared among fruit varieties, the application and the efficiency of which in food, medication and chemical industries were reviewed.It suggests that the researches should focus more on monomer components in their functions and processing, and on various by-products of fruit for their comprehensive utilization.

Effect of nutritive quality of 201 and Shanyou 63 rice straw on mycelium growth of Lentinula edodes was studied,blocking effect of biogenic silicate against the biodegradation of N and C in rice straw was discussed as well. The growth rate of mycelium on medium of 201 rice straw was similar with that on wheat brain (CK) as 0.39 cm·d^-1 and 0.42 cm·d^-1 respectively,but significantly high than that on media of Shanyou 63 rice straw (0.31 cm·d^-1 ), 201 rice head (0.31 cm·d^-1 ) and 201 rice blade (0.23 cm·d^-1 ). Biogenic silicate in rice straw showed a blocking effect on biodegradation of protein and fibrous nutrients in straw cell wall of Lentinula edodes mycelium.Two Lentinula edodes spp were selected from several species for their relatively wide adaptability.

The parameters of a life table with an experimental population of Amblysieus swirskii(Athias-Henriot)were studied.At 6 constant temperatures(i.e.,15℃,18℃,20℃,25℃,30℃ and 35℃),A.swirskii were fed on Tetranychus truncatus(Ehara)to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing the predatory mites to control the spider mites.The in-laboratory experiments showed that,at 15℃,the predatory mite could develop,but its survival rate was less than 43.33%,and there were irregularities observed in its egg-laying.The temperature range of 18-35℃ was considered appropriate for the predatory mite's development.And,within the range,the time for A.swirskii to develop shortened as the temperature rose-the longest(31.50 days)at 15℃ and shortest(5.75days)at 35℃ for the females,and the longest(20.00 days)at 15℃ and shortest(3.96 days)at 35℃ for the males.The highest intrinsic rate of natural increase(r_m = 0.1976)and the highest finite rate of increase(λ=1.2185)were observed at 35℃.The highest sex ratio(1.73:1)and the highest net reproductive rate(R₀=36.8600)were found at 25℃.And,the highest mean number of eggs(57.60 eggs per female)occurred at 25℃.

"Minkui 3" is a new,pollen-free ornamental sunflower variety developed by cross-breeding the "CS"(with white petals)as female parent and the high-generation inbred line,"M1R3-1"(with yellow petals),as male parent by the Crop Institute,Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences.The new variety was confirmed to be a true hybrid offsping by molecular marker analysis,such as RAPD and ISSR.The results obtained from the cultivation at various sites for several years showed that "Minkui 3" could be used for ornamental cut flower production and garden cultivation because of its stable ornamental characteristics,yellow petals,bright colors,pollen-free property and branching capability."Minkui 3" had a growth period of 92-112 days.Its plant height was 96.0-170.0 cm with faceplate diameter of 6.4-7.2 cm,flower diameter of 13.7-14.8 cm,petal number of 34-39,and a cut flower lifespan of 9-14 d.This vigorous,adaptable,new variety had a short growth period,was suitable for year-round cultivation,and provided a cutting output of 90000-120000 pieces·m^-2."Minkui 3" had passed the provincial appraisal in 2011.The instruction manual for cultivation is also available.

A simple and rapid applicable protocol for extracting high-quality proteins from rice tissues is described.In the protocol, precooling methanol and acetone is used to precipitate proteins and remove contaminants and secondary metabolites.Adding protease inhibitors in methanol for washing is include all proteins to maximize and reduce degradation of proteases.By using this protocol the total protein yield of different tissues were range from 20 to 99 mg·g^-1FW and the entire process taken 1.6 h.To evaluate the quality of the extracted protein, SDS/PAGE gel and Western Blot were employed.4 antibodys represented different protein type include the nucleoprotein antibody, plasmosin antibody, membrane protein antibody and granule-bound starch protein antibody as first antibody for Western Blot.The results show the extraction of high-quality protein samples suitable for Western analysis, and the overall quality of the protein profiles was good.The simplified protocol described here presents considerable savings of time and reagents.

An investigation on the contents of Fe in the surface soils of 150 Tieguanyin tea plantations in Anxi,Yongchun and Hua'an Counties in Fujian province as well as the transfer of the soil Fe into the tea leaves was conducted.The total contents of Fe in the soils ranged from 9.35 to 90.48 g•kg^-1,with a mean of 32.33 g•kg^-1.The available contents of Fe were between 9.20 to 395.11 mg•kg^-1,with a mean of 57.11 mg•kg^-1.The contents of Fe in the tea were between 19.77 to 797.47 mg•kg^-1,with a mean of 126.71 mg•kg^-1.The soil-to-tea leaves transfer factors of Fe positively correlated with the total or available Fe.

Empoasca vitis (Gothe) is one of the most serious pest insects on tea trees in China.In this paper, the advances of Empoasca vitis (Gothe) in the main biological characteristics, ecology and control technology were summarized, including Empoasca vitis dominant specie identification, biology, population dynamics, spatial distribution, genetic differences, communication behavior, different tea varieties adaptability as well as its agricultural control, physical control, biological control and chemical control.The research emphasis of Empoasca vitis Gothe in the future was also proposed.

Using egg protein and the WHO/FAO reference model on essential amino acid(EAA),4 plant leaf proteins were evaluated for their nutritional values.With them,the leaf proteins in Vacinium bracteatum were compared by applying the fuzzy pattern recognition and ratio coefficient of amino acid(AA).The results showed that 71.82% of the total amino acids of V.bracteatum was in the leaves.And,EAA comprised 40.30% of the total AA in the leaves.The greatest limiting AA in the protein was lysine.The ratio coefficient of amino acid was 77.05.V.bracteatum was,therefore,considered a potential protein source with high nutritional value.

The traditional classification of Bacillus was done mainly based on the phenotypic characteristics.There were 244 species of Bacillus cited in the book of the"Literature Review on Bacillus"by Liu(2006).With the development of new identification methodologies,especially the polyphasic taxonomical method,changes in the taxonomy of Bacillus are emerging.Many species have been re-classified from the genus into new genera.Based on the second edition of "Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology" published in 2004,this paper discusses the evolutional evidence,as well as the characterictics of the typical species of Bacillus related genera.According to the spore-forming,16S rRNA and other characteristics,22 Bacillus related genera have been separated from Bacillus.Of the 22 genera,15 belong to Bacillaceae and 7 are non-Bacillaceae.There are 13 genera that are only Bacillus in name.

Two Acetobacter strains FJAT-13764 and FJAT-13780 were isolated from kefir grains. The observations with scanning electron microscope showed that both bacteria strains were rod-shaded with round terminals, presented in single or pairs,produced no spores. Their orerall biochemical and physiological characters indicated that these strains should be placed in the Acetobacter spp. The 16S rDNA sequence analysis indicated that FJAT-13764 and FJAT-13780 were Acetobacter orientalis and Acetobacter syzygii, respectively. This study is the first report in Acetobacter orientalis isolated from kefir grains,which provides the basic information for further researches on the micro-flora diversity in kefir grain.

Nested-PCR detection of Shunchang citrus Huanglongbing pathogen was carried out in this study.Phylogenetic tree based on rDNA sequencing was built to find out the evolutionary between different parts citrus HLB pathogens.Digesting the target DNA fragment of 16S rDNA with restriction enzyme XbaI was carried out to confirm the species of Shunchang Huanglongbing pathogen.The results showed that there were 7 positive detections in 12 selected samples, and the rate of positive detections was 58.33%,and four were dominant character,three were recessive character.The results showed that Shunchang citrus Huanglongbing pathogen belong to Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus based on the 16S rDNA phylogenetic analysis and restriction enzyme XbaI digestion analysis.And 16S rDNA sequence gap analysis showed that the difference between Ca. L.asiaticus and Ca. L.africanus, Ca. L.africanus and Ca.L.americanus, Ca.L.americanus and Ca.L.asiaticus were 2.75%,3.90%, 3.44%, respectively.

Nitrogen is one of the necessary elements for crop growth, and its supply directly affects agricultural production. Nitrogen fertilizer plays an important role in the development of agricultural production, and is one of the important measures to improve grain yield. The amount of nitrogen fertilized in China is the most, but due to the fertilization method or improper agricultural management measures,nitrogen loss is increasing,and nitrogen utilization rate is low,which brings many environmental problems. The migration and transformation of nitrogen in soil is the direct cause. This paper firstly simply introduced the process of nitrogen migration and transformation, then summarized the research status home and abroad of migration and transformation characteristics of nitrogen fertilizer and biological responses, and then described the migration and transformation characteristics of fertilizer nitrogen in special environment of fertilizer micro-region.Finally the future research directions were discussed for providing a theoretical reference for nitrogen fertilizer optimal utilization.

The Zhou, Martin, Bourrain and Kit methods were used to extract microbial DNA in paddy soil. They were evaluated based on the amplification of bacterial 16S rRNA V₃ variable region amplified by the primer pair GC338f-530R and the fungal 18S rRNA region amplified by the primer pair NS1-GCFung and the subsequent DGGE analysis of amplified products. The results showed that the Martin and the Kit methods satisfied the analytical requirements of soil microbial diversity. The Kit method was simpler and faster, and the quality of its extracted DNA higher, but the yield and purity of DNA extracted were lower and the cost greater than the Martin method. However, the deficiencies did not appear to impose significant negative effect on the PCR amplification and DGGE analysis that followed.

Levodopa (L-dopa) in flowers, stems, leaves, bean pod, testa and cotyledon of different varieties of broad beans was determined by means of HPLC. Effect of drying temperature and bean’s floral color on the L-dopa content was studied. The results showed that the L-dopa content was highest in flowers and lowest in cotyledons, in the order of: flowers > leaves > pod > stem > testa > cotyledons. The L-dopa content in flowers ranged in the order of:white flowers > light violet flowers > purple flowers. The darker the floral color, the lower the L-dopa content became. The drying temperature affected significantly on the L-dopa content in the flowers. At 100℃, the L-dopa content of the dried flowers was only 60% of that in those dried at 40℃, indicating a significant L-dopa reduction due to the high temperature processing condition.

The nucleocapsid protein gene of velogenic,chicken-origin,Newcastle disease virus(NDV) F48E9 was amplified by RT-PCR based on a specific pair of primers designed according to the chicken-origin NDVs NP gene sequences published at GenBank.The purified RT-PCR products were cloned onto the pMD18-T vectors,and then,the positive recombinants had been identified by PCR and enzyme digestion.The sequencing results indicated that the F48E9 NP gene had an opening read frame of 1470nt in length with a coded polypeptide of 489 amino acids. There were four highly conserved cysteines on the F48E9 strain nucleocapsid protein.The amino acids at the regions, aa 401-440 and aa 461-481,were found to vary more than the others.The sequence analysis indicated that the F48E9 strain had a nucleotide homology of 87.9%-92.3%,and the amino acid homology of 92.2%-98.0% with other NDVs.The F48E9 strain appeared to be evolutionarily independent,with only remote relationship with other NDVs.

Based on the apical dominance characteristic of plant,the two years' experimentation showed significant advantages on the sweet potato cultivation using the apical seedling technique.In 31 days after planting,the root growth of the sweet potatoes became earlier and faster than the backward 2-3 part seedlings,i.e.,14.8-17.6 cm longer on the main cirrus,1.4-2.5 more side cirrus and 1.3-4.6 cm longer on the side cirrus.The sweet potato's external appearance was smooth and yield 24%-30% greater than the backward 2-3 part seedlings which was statistically significant at P>0.05.The orthogonal test results showed that(a)the seedling method had the highest F valve of 98.5,approaching the significant difference level of 99;and(b)the planting density and fertilization did not cause any significant growth differences as compared to the control.This new seedling breeding method took only 10 days in a greenhouse to obtain apical seedlings with roots for field application.After 80 days,the seedling cultivation coefficient was 191.3,i.e.,15.9 times higher than that obtained by using the traditional technique.In addition,it cost less than the conventional method,and was believed to be feasible for commercialization.

Germination rate of the big broad beans soaked under different conditions was studied for optimization.A 4-factor-5-level orthogonal design on concentrations of polyethylene glycol(PEG),boron and molybdenum,and bean soaking time was used for the experiment.The results showed that either by soaking the seeds in a solution containing(a) 24 mg·L^-1 ammonium molybdate+4 mg·L^-1 sodium borate+5% PEG for 16 hours,or(b) 8 mg·L^-1 ammonium molybdate+8 mg·L^-1 sodium borate+5% PEG for 24 hours,100% germination could be obtained.PEG and soaking time appeared to have the most significant effect on the germination of the big broad beans,and none with the presence of boron or molybdenum.Thus,using 5% PEG to soak the bean seeds for 16 hours was recommended for promoting the germination.

Using the method of "Salt gradient Suspension" to determine the suspensions ability of pig litter at different fermentation level in the microbial fermentation bed, as well as, based on the appearance of litter, the level degree of fermentation was established. Thirty samples taken from the piggery were classified into four groups. The first group was characterized with shallow degree of litter fermentation, the second group with medium degree, the third group with deep degree, the fourth group with profound. Combining the multiple linear regression, the mathematical equation of the fermentation index of pig litter was established, that was: Y=3.9932-0.0046X₁+0.0531X₂-0.0484X₃-0.0083X₄-0.0179 X₅-0.0404X₆(r=0.9420). The result indicated that the degree of fermentation of unknown litter were judged fast and accurately by utilizing the mathematical equation to determine the fermentation index of unknown pig litter.

Low-carbon economy has become a global hot spot,known as the Fourth Technological Revolution under global climate change.At present,greenhouse gas emissions have already imperiled agriculture and food security.Low-carbon agriculture becomes the inevitable trend of economic and social development.Currently,the concept of low-carbon agriculture has turned from scientific theory to practices,including its approach to development:(1)development of new energy resources,promoting clean technologies;(2)optimize the farming systems,raising multiple cropping index;(3)develop and popularize fine varieties to extend the chain of emission reduction;(4)improve the fertilization techniques,optimize the nutrient management;(5)implementation of conservation tillage,reduce carbon loss;(6)rational development of grass industry,protection of grassland resources;(7)development of bio-energy resources,raising the application of cattle manure;(8)farming pollution remediation and extending scale livestock breeding.Safeguard mechanisms of the low-carbon agriculture development include:(1)improve relevant laws and regulations;(2)the adjustment of economic growth mode;(3)rely on scientific and technological progress;(4)increase public participation.Development of low-carbon agriculture is important for sustainable use of resources and enhanced the agriculture foundation,through agricultural measures to mitigate global climate change has important strategic significance.

Traditional plate culture method can not fully reflect the microbial genetic information in microbiological fermentation bed,so obtaining high quality DNA is necessary to study microbial community structure in fermentation bed.In this research we designed and compared six extraction methods for bedding microbial DNA from fermentation bed,mainly in evaluating concentration and purification of extracted DNA.Results indicated that the kit methods have high pertinence,without specific bedding material microorganism DNA extraction kit,the use of excrement,soil and silt kit did not achieve good results.Simply applying SDS or CTAB methods could not effectively eliminate the pollution of humic acid and remove the complex proteins;so that,the ratio of A₂₆₀ to A₂₈₀ of the DNA was lower than 1.5 and no result obtained by PCR amplification.Comparatively,in SDS-CTAB method,using 10% PEG8000 in precipitation obtained the DNA with good integrity and high purity,the concentration of DNA was more than 200 ng·μL^-1,the ratio of A₂₆₀ to A₂₈₀ was about 1.8,and the PCR amplified targeted the DNA.Results indicated that the SDS-CTAB was an efficient and reliable method for DNA extraction from microbiological fermentation bed and it would be also conducive to the research of molecular ecology.

This paper reviews the research results on the fractionation of soil organic carbon.A focus was placed on the dynamics of the decomposition,accumulation,content,storage and allocation proportion of soil organic carbon and its fractions under different land uses and management.The information should aid in formulating appropriate measures to reduce greenhouse gas emission.

Fatty acid is an important biomarker.Its application in biology research has become increasingly popular.The method of FAME fingerprint analysis is based on fatty acid’s utilization as a biomarker.This paper describes the FAME fingerprint analysis and its applications for microbial studies,including identification of unknown microbes and assessment of microbial diversity.

Pest mites often cause economic damage to mushroom,the researches on the mite species occurring on mushroom in China with highlight on Fujian province were reviewed, all of mites belonged to 29 familes in China and 52 species, 23 familes in Fujian, elaborated predatory mites applied research on mushroom in domestic and international, discussed current problems and research prospects of controlling technology also, in order to provide a theoretical basis for pest mites control and beneficial mite application.

The varieties of Wax Jambu, Syzygium samarangense var. nongke 1 and var. nongke 2, were studied for observing in their root system morphology and distribution. The vertical depth of root system reached to 80 cm in the soil layer for both varieties. The root system of 'var. nongke 1’ was mainly fastened in the 20-60 cm of the soil layer,while that of 'var. nongke 2’ in the 0-40 cm. The diameter in single root measured was between 0-5 mm mostly the root system. The horizontal root area of the 6-year-old 'var. nongke 2’ was in 4.56 m × 2.88 m. The distribution of active root tops was reached in 1.34-2.28 m away from the root collar.

The morphological characteristics of pollen grains in 16 varieties of amla (Phyllanthus emblica L.)are examined by optical microscope and SEM. The pollen grains of amla are spherical. The mean axis diameter is 17. 82 ?21. 19μm. The colporate number in pollen grains is mostly 4-5. The net-like sculptures exist on the exine of pollen grains. Among different amia varieties, there are very significant differences in pollen size which has moderately positive correlation with fruit size (r = 0. 8269) and some differences of the exine sculpture are also found. These differences may be taken into account for references in the variety identification. Regardless of interspecific or intervarietal levels, the colporate types of pollen grains are diversified , which reflects the polymorphous character of pollen grains in the family Euphorbiaceae and the genus Phyllanthus Linn. There is no clear distinction for grouping the intervarietal differences of amla pollen morphology as yet and no close relation with the geographic distribution. It seems that the systemic development of different amla varieties is still located at the nearly same level of seminatural condition.

A pair of specific primers were designed to amplify the internal transcript space region of the 16S-23S ribosomal DNA of Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli.(Lxx),pathogen that causes the ratoon stunting disease(RSD).As a result,a PCR amplification system was established.Four out 5 cultivars planted in the Sugarcane Germplasm Resources Center of the Sugarcane Institute at Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University were infected by the Lxx.The PCR products of the infected plants and a positive control were sequenced and analyzed.The sequences were found to be identical.When.compared the NCBI data,they were 100% homologous on the same genome region of DNA with Lxx of Brazil and Australia.On the other hand,there were a mismatched and an insertion base pair in the Lxx as.compared with the strain from Louisiana,USA.

Flavivirus universal primer pairs and nested PCR were developed as an efficient method to detect flavivirus, especially new type flavivirus. Four primers Flav P1-Flav P4 located in conserved region of the NS5 gene were designed after alignment of the flavivirus genome and then nested PCR assay was developed for duck flavivirus. Nested PCR was 1 000 times more sensitive than the conventional PCR and it was only able to amplify the flavivirus with the sensibility of 90 copies·μL^-1. Phylogenetic analysis showed that duck flavivirus belongs to mosquito-born flavivirus, NTAV group, similar with Tembusu and BYD virus. The clinical samples detection showed that the universal primers and nested PCR were highly specific and sensitive. In addition, the station of evolution of duck flavivirus was clarified.

Super high-yielding rice cultivars which were newly bred in China was used to study the relationship between culm traits and lodging resistance. The results indicated that thicker culms were associated with larger panicles; dry matter stored in stem and sheath played an active role in seed development. The breaking-resistant strength of culm was positively correlated with the amount of dry matter stored in stem and thickness of culm. Lodging index was positively correlated with plant height and bending moment, negatively correlated with thickness of culm and breaking-resistant strength; however, there was no relationship between lodging index and internode cross-sectional thickness. The results showed that thicker culms was benefit to larger panicles, so it is important to control plant height properly, breed cultivar of thicker culm, increase dry matter of stem and improve the development of mechanical tissue to strengthen lodging ability.

According to the industrial and agricultural development,Shang-hang,Jin-jiang,Long-wen and Xia-pu were selected as representative regions in this study.Thirty-two soil samples from 4 regions and fifty-two vegetable samples from 19 varieties were taken for detecting of heavy metal content.The results showed that the Cd,Pb and Hg contents of some soil samples were higher than it of national standard.Based on the comprehensive heave metal pollution index,the 28.13% of total soil samples reached in warning level of pollution and 6.25% were in moderate statuses.Among vegetable samples,the 11.54% of which were polluted in certain extent by Cd,Hg and the highest pollution index was found from leaf vegetables.The most of polluted samples were obtained from Shang-hang County,followed by Jin-jiang and Long-wen.The most of polluted vegetable species were cabbage,mustard,etc.Results indicated that the heavy metal contamination in vegetables was correlated in some degree with the species of vegetable and the development level of industrialization.The pollution resulted mainly with Cd and Pb.

Beauveria bassiana is one of the most important entomopathogenic fungi.It plays a crucial role in biocontrol of the farming and forestry pests.The chitinase gene,Bbchit1,was cloned from JYBb201-11 isolate of Beauveria bassiana,which is highly virulent to Homona coffearia.The expected DNA fragments were amplified by DNA-PCR,and the total RNA-RT-PCR with a pair of primers.The fragments were introduced into DH5α isolate of Escherichia coli by PMD18-T vector,and sequenced subsequently.The results from DNA-PCR and the total RNA-RT-PCR showed that the fragments were both 1047 bp.The gene consisted of an open reading frame with 1047 bp(GenBank accession NO.HQ435871),encoding 348 amino acids,which contains an N-terminal 22 amino acid residue displaying the characteristics of a signal peptide.The mature chitinase had a molecular mass of 36.78 kD and a calculated pI of 5.95.The protein sequence contained two conserved regions including a putative substrate binding site(SIGG)and catalytic domain(DGIDIDIE)of fungal chitinases.The chitinase belonged to the class V of family 18 of glycosyl hydrolases.The analysis showed that the deduced amino acid sequence was 99.43% homologous to that of B.bassiana strain Bb0062(AAN41259)and B.bassiana strain NCIM1216(ACF32998),and 98.28% to that of B.bassiana strain MTCC 2028(ACZ28129).

A pair of primers based on NS5 gene sequences of different strains of genus Flavivirus was designed for amplification of 470 bp fragments.No positive target fragment was available from H9 subtype influenza virus,Muscovy duck reovirus,duck plague,duck hepatitis virus(DHV-Ⅰ) or duck-origin avian paramyxovirus typeⅠ.The detection limit reached 20 pg under the optimized conditions.The results showed that the RT-PCR was sensitive,specific and applicable for rapid laboratory diagnosis and epidemiologic surveillance.

To understand the soil quality change in orchard system, field experiments were conducted to study the effect of biochar application on soil properties and labile organic carbon. The results showed that biochar application to the orchard soil not only increased microbial biomass carbon (MBC) content, but also enhanced field moisture holding capacity, pH value, total N level of the soil,while decreasing soil bulk density. As compared to the control, the moisture content, pH value, total N and MBC concentration of the biochar treated soil increased by 3.26%-25.61%, 0.03-0.30 unit, 61.22%-87.76% and 84.34%-107.55%, respectively. And soil bulk density decreased by 13.13%-19.38%.

Cut flowers of Eustoma grandiforum cultivars"702" were used to determine the physiological and biochemical changes taking place in the flowers kept in vase. The results showed that the fresh weight, soluble proteins, soluble sugar, respiration rate, as well as SOD and CAT activities in the flower petals increased in the early stage and decreased later on. On the other hand, the relative electric conductivity and POD activity increased while being held in a vase. Damage on the cell membrane resulted from the decreased protective enzymes activity and membrane lipid peroxidation might induce senescence on the cut-flowers.

The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary sodium butyrate on the feeding,growth performance,and Antioxidant capacity of Anguilla rostrata.There were three groups.The diet of Control group,experimental group I,experimental group II contained 0‰,0.5‰ and 1.0‰ of sodium butyrate,respectively.Each experimental group was divided into 2 parallel groups and stocked in indoor tanks(100 Anguilla rostrata /1m³).The experiment lasted 42 days.Daily food intake was recorded during the experiment.Fish weight and liver antioxidant capacity were determined at the end of the experiment.The results showed that,in the weight gain and reducing feed conversion ratio,both of the experimental groups were better than the control groups.Compared with the control group,weight gain of experimental group Ⅱ increased by 37% and feed conversion ratio of experimental group Ⅱ decreased by 26%.In feeding rate and survival rate,the three groups did not differ significantly.Compared with the control group,liver total antioxidant capacity and catalase activity of experimental group Ⅱ were increased by 25% and 15%,MDA was decreased by 15%,while the experimental groupⅠhad little difference.

Papaya, Carica papaya L., is one of the major fruits in the tropical and subtropical regions.Hermaphroditic variety is generally preferred for commerce as its more desirable fruit shape and quality can bring higher profitability.However, the plant’s gender expression can be affected by ambient temperature.At elevated temperatures, the plant tends to produce male flowers with intermittent fruiting, resulting in decreased yields.In order to search for remedy to overcome the problem, four treatments were tested on hermaphroditic papaya trees during the months of July and August in the years from 2007 to 2009. The treatments included (1) mulching under the tree with wet straw or fresh grass, (2) pruning inflorescence, (2) ring-girdling on trunk, and (4) combining the above three methods.The results showed that all treatments significantly repressed the gender alteration, decreased the numbers of male flowers and intermittent fruiting, and increased the number of fruits on the trees, as compared with the control.However, among the 4 treatments, the combination of 3 methods appeared to be the best, as it was most effective in completely suppressing the intermittent fruiting at high temperature.

To investigate the effect of the diet protein level on growth and feed utilization of juvenile Lateolabrax japonicus, five isoenergetic experimental diets containing 35.0%,37.5%,40.0%,42.5% and 45.0% protein were made up respectively, whose protein source was fish meal.Juvenile Lateolabrax japonicus with initial average weight of (84.81±0.92)g took the feeding experiments for 75 days for determination of the best protein level.The results showed that the relative weight gain rate,specific growth rate and feed conversion rate of the group of 39.85% were much higher than those of 34.76% and 37.54% groups(P<0.01),but not significantly different from the 42.34% group(P>0.05).Protein efficiency rate of the 39.85% group was also higher than those of the 34.76%,42.34% and 45.03% groups(P<0.05),while comparing with the 37.54% group, no significant difference was found (P>0.05).In this experiment,based on quadratic model regression analysis of the specific growth rate and protein efficiency rate,growth index and feed utilization rate of Lateolabrax japonicus were best while the protein content of juvenile Lateolabrax japonicus feed was 38.87%-41.50%.

The experiments were conducted to investigate whether or not egg yolk antibodies can be used as a functional egg yolk powder preparation in the prevention and treatment for enteric infection caused by pathogenic Escherichia coli.The major results were as follows: 1) agglutination reaction appeared after the egg yolk antibodies mixed with the pathogenic Escherichia coli,and the bacteria activity decreased which's not agglutination;2) the mortality rate of mouse was 60% after challenge with 1.3×10⁹ CFU·mL^-1 Escherichia coli pathogen K88,K99 and 987P,while the mortality rate of mouse decreased to 10% after the pathogen mixed with egg yolk antibodies;3) after feeding functional egg yolk powder for 30 days and challenge with 2.6×10⁹ CFU·mL^-1,the mortality rate of mouse was 40% compared with the control group in 84%.Comparing with control group,the serum ALT,AST and ALP were significantly lower in treated mouse and the organ index of liver,spleen,thymus,the intestinal villus height and V/C ratio were significantly higher.The results indicated that the functional egg yolk powder can be prepared to prevent and treat the infection disease caused by pathogenic E.coli and effectively to improve the growth performance of mouse.

At high temperature in a chamber under artificially controlled conditions,5 inbred lines and 4 F₁ hybrids of Chinese cabbages at their seedling stage were studied for their heat tolerance. The factor analysis,subordinate function and cluster analysis were applied to evaluate the tested accessions based on the physiological and biochemical indices. The result obtained from the factor analysis indicated that the 8 indices could be characterized as 3 prinipal components,which gave an accumulative contribution rate up to 0.921. A comprehensive evaluation on the heat tolerance was performed based on the D value of subordinate function analysis. The cluster analysis classified the 9 accessions into 3 categories:(1) the highest heat tolerance accessions that included Xiaxiu-1,Xiafu-2 and Xiayou-1,(2) the intermediate accessions that included Zaoshu-5,Bai-yang,Zao5-1 and Zaoza-5,and (3) the sensitive-to-heat-stress accessions that included 020w-8 and Deyang.

The major internal and external achievements of research and application using biological and chemical agents to induce systemic resistance of plant were summarized The action character of different agents were summed up The significance in practical application of different agents were discussed The viewpoint of the works and directions of partial research and application in the area were explained, while looking ahead the prospects for the research and application.

The phenotype of broad-spectrum rice blast resistance variety Yunyin was analyzed and identified by inoculated with rice blast fungi RB01-RB22 of known avirulence genes as pathogen in vitro. The results showed that Yunyin was resistant to all rice blast fungi except RB17 and RB20.Analyzing the widely used 24 resistance genes in production at present, the results showed that Yunyin may contain new blast resistance genes besides these genes, and there were able to be applied for rice breeding and production. In addition, in this study, we constructed near-isogenic lines with LTH as genetic background and contained blast-resistant gene to blast isolate SiChuan 43 by successive backcrossing combining marker-assisted selection with artificial inoculation.These works would be beneficial to the genetics study and application of this blast-resistance gene.

Three Phalaenopsis cultivars, i.e., V31, Sunset Red and Dahonghua, were used for the experiment. Effects of plant growth regulators on the clusterd bud proliferation and rooting of the cultivars were studied. The results showed that in addition to the increase of BA concentration, the bud proliferation rate of the 3 cultivars increased initially, and then, decreased. Optimal NAA concentration in the culture medium could help improve rooting. However, its effects on bud prooliferation and rooting differed with cultivars. For V31, the proliferation increased on the basal medium containing 5.0 mg·L^-1BA (after 50 d of culture, the proliferation rate was 5.24), while the root growth, on the basal medium with addition of 0.5 mg·L^-1 NAA. The optimal medium for the Sunset Red was with 7.5 mg·L^-1 BA to reach a proliferation rate of 2.04 and 0.5 mg·L^-1 NAA to achieve an effective root induction. For Dahonghua, the proliferation was best improved by the addition of 10.0 mg·L^-1 BA (the rate was 2.25), and the root growth was best with addition of 1.0 mg·L^-1 NAA in the medium.

In order to determine the sensitivity of metalaxyl-resistant strains of Phytophthora infestans to fungicides flumorph, azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, dimethomorph and cymoxanil, the toxicity of fungicides to metalaxyl- sensitive and metalaxyl-resistant strains of P.infestans were tested by measuring radial growth on agar medium amended with fungicides. The results showed that the five tested fungicides had high inhibitory activity against mycelium growth and sporangia formation of metalaxyl-resistant and metalaxyl-sensitive isolates of P.infestans. Flumorph exhibited the strongest toxicity to metalaxyl-resistant strains with the mean EC₅₀ of 0.037 6 μg·mL^-1.There was obvious difference in sensitivity of tested isolates to cymoxanil, which EC₅₀ values ranged from 0.008 4 μg·mL^-1 to 0.868 1 μg·mL^-1,the mean EC₅₀ value was 0.386 6 μg·mL^-1 in inhibiting the mycelium growth of metalaxyl-resistant strains. There is high correlation of tested results between in vitro method and the floating-leaf-disk method, and showed that the tested fungicides had no cross-resistance with metalaxyl. These fungicides maybe substitute metalaxyl for controlling potato and tomato late blight disease.